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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BETTAGERI-2 (4D4A2Q4d) MICRO WATERSHED Alawandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019), “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Bettageri-2 (4D4A2Q4d) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk & District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.143, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. P.103 & 28. |
Series/Report no.: | 143; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Bettageri-2microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 435ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6soil series and 6soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About38per cent of the soils areshallowto moderately shallow (25-75 cm)and60per cent soils are moderately deep to very deep(75->150 cm). About 47 per cent areahas loamy soils and 51 per cent area has clay soils at the surface. About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 14per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 37per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils. About 38 per cent area has verylow to low (<50-100 mm/m), 13 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 47per cent very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. About 60 per cent area has slightly eroded (e1) and about 38 per cent area has moderately eroded (e2) lands. About <1 per cent area is slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5), 96 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8)to very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0)in soil reaction and 2 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon islow (<0.5%) in about 38per cent,51 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) and9per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. About 51 per cent area is low (<23 kg/ha), medium (23-57 kg/ha) in47 per cent and <1 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) available phosphorus. Major area of about 87 per centismedium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and an area of about 11 per cent ishigh (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 57 per cent area, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 39per cent area and about 2per cent area is high (>20 ppm). Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 42per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 56per cent area. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in27 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 72 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) inan area of about 74 per cent and sufficient in 24per cent area. Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 205 (47) 59 (14) Pomegranate - 261 (60) Maize - 56 (13) Guava - 56 (13) Bajra 56 (13) 148 (34) Jackfruit - 56 (13) Groundnut - 56 (13) Jamun - 261 (60) Sunflower 205 (47) 56 (13) Musambi 205 (47) 56 (13) Cotton 205 (47) 59 (14) Lime 205 (47) 56 (13) Red gram - 261 (60) Cashew - 56 (13) Bengalgram 205 (47) 207 (48) Custard apple 262 (60) 151 (35) Chilli - 56 (13) Amla 56 (13) 356 (82) Tomato - 56 (13) Tamarind - 205 (47) Drumstick - 261 (60) Marigold - 264 (61) Mulberry 204 (47) Chrysanthemum - 264 (61) Mango - - Jasmine - 59 (14) Sapota - 56 (13) Crossandra - 113 (26) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the5identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Bettageri-2 is located at North latitude 150 13’ 24.45” and 150 11’ 41.255” and East longitude 760 4’ 8.854'' and 760 2’ 49.81” covering an area of about 435.22 ha coming under Betta Village of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Bettageri-2 micro watersheds of Bettageri sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 farmers were sampled in Bettageri-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (20.00%) were marginal, 10 (25.00%) were small, 13 (32.50 %) were semi medium and 4 (10.00 %) were medium large farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 92 (51.69%) men and 85 (47.75%) were women. The average population of landless was 4.6, marginal farmers were 5.4, small farmers were 4.6, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 3.5. Majority of the respondents (38.20%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 23.03 per cent illiterates, 74.16 per cent pre university education and 7.30 per cent attained graduation. About, 62.50 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 32.50 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 37.08 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 82.50 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.50 per cent possess TV, 35.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 92.50 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.00 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 7.50 per cent possess plough and 5 per cent possess Tractor, 2.50 per cent possess Sprayer, 37.50 per cent possess Weeder, 2.5 per cent possess Harvester and 10 per cent possess drip system. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.00 per cent possess local cow and 5.00 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.36, hired labour (men) available was 7.03 and hired labour (women) available was 6.49. Further, 15.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 78.78 per cent (64.78 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 16.09 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 4.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 10.00 per cent of the households. 2 The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 95.22 per cent. Out of the sample households 15.00 percent possessed bank account and 15.00 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 15.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Sunflower was Rs.25093.62, 27380.37, 29245.09, 26326.08 and 26555.79 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 0.70, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.10 and 1:1.20 respectively. Further, 27.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 35.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 91249.00 in micro-watershed, of which Rs. 52185.00 comes from agriculture. Regarding marketing channels, 75.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 15.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 92.50 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (65.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.50 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 90.00 per cent of the households and 10.00 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 85.00 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.50 per cent of the households. In the study area, 42.50 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 82.50 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 15.00 per cent of the household’s were not having ration cards. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (95.00%), pulses (65.00%) and oilseeds (2.50%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.50%) wild animal menace on farm field (7.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (15.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (70.00%), high rate of interest on credit (50.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.50%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (47.50%), inadequate extension services (12.50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (15.00%), Less rainfall (12.50%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (12.50%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | P.103 & 28. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/37747 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
Files in This Item:
File | Description | Size | Format | |
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143. Bettageri-2 (4D4A2Q4d).pdf | 18.28 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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