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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BELHATTI-6 (4D4A3I1f) MICROWATERSHED Shirhatti Taluk, Gadag District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Belhatti-6 (4D4A3I1f) Microwatershed, Shirhatti Taluk, Gadag District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.18, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.103 & 32. |
Series/Report no.: | 18; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Belhatti-6 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 468 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by rock lands, waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 13 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and <1 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife. About 39 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to deep (100 - 150 cm), 41 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 18 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils. About 78 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 20 per cent loamy soils. About 15 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 47 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) and 37 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) and extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils. About 22 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 72 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (<50mm/m). About 93 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 6 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 53 per cent has soils that are slight eroded (e1), 38 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 7 per cent soils are severely eroded (e3). An area of about 38 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) to slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 51 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0) and 10 percent has soils that area neutral (pH 6.5-7.3). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that of the soils are non-saline. About 63 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon and 35 per cent of the soils are low in organic carbon. Major area of 76 per cent has soils that are low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, medium in 19 per cent area and high in 7 per cent area. About 71 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), 25 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and low in about 1 per cent area. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 23 per cent area, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 23 per cent area and about 53 per cent area is high (>20 ppm). Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 98 per cent area. Available iron is deficient in about 16 per cent area and sufficient in 82 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suita ble (S1) Moderate ly suit abl e (S2) Highly sui tab le (S1) Moderatel y suit able (S2) Sorghum 46 (10) 246 (53) Jackfruit - 78 (17) Maize 46 (10) 220 (47) Jamun - 183 (39) Bengalgram 4 (<1) 428 (92) Musambi 11 (2) 231 (49) Groundnut 11 (2) 176 (38) Lime 11 (2) 240 (51) Sunflower 11 (2) 173 (37) Cashew 11 (2) 236 (50) Cotton 15 (3) 336 (72) Custard Apple 46 (10) 327 (70) Banana 11 (2) 301 (64) Amla 46 (10) 266 (57) Pomegranat 11 (2) 301 (64) Tamarind - 183 (39) e Mango - 11 (2) Marigold 42 (9) 272 (58) Sapota 11 (2) 135(29) Chrysanthemu m 42 (9) 272 (58) Guava 11 (2) 131 (28) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Belhatti-6 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503’ – 1505’ North latitudes and 75036’ – 75039’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 468 ha, bounded by Nilogal, Kurubgatta, Devihal and Bijjur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Belhatti-6 micro-watershed (Belhatti subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.8 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 97.2 per cent. Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 9.1 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 63.6 cent. About 45.5 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (36.4 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 63.6 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.9 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 6.4 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 90.9 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 46.7 % and irrigated land 13.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 56.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 29.2 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 92494 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 121609 per household, about 72.7 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (45.5 %). The average value of livestock is around Rs. 29198 per household; about 81 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capital food consumption is around 853.9 grams (1798.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 36.4 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 20120 per household. Among the entire farm households in these study area comes under the below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1365. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 635 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 296230 per year for the total area of 468.28 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 9324/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 22221) followed by chilli (Rs. 20671), cotton (Rs. 13608), bengal gram (Rs. 7344), maize (Rs. 4623), sorghum (Rs. 1311) and groundnut is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1573/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 1806) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1339). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 39669) followed by cotton (Rs. 34831), sorghum (Rs. 23705), maize (Rs. 23676), groundnut (Rs. 18488), onion (Rs. 16598) and chilli (Rs. 3833). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is maize (48.7 %) followed by sorghum (16.7 %), onion (11.2 %), bengalgram (9.7%), groundnut (7.8 %) and cotton (6.0 %). In Belhatti-6 micro-watershed major soil of Muttal (MTL) soils series are having shallow soil depth cover around 10.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengalgram (9.1%), chilli (17.9 %), cotton (16.9 %), maize (16.9 %), onion (18.0 %) and sorghum (21.2%). Ravanki (RNK) soils are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.81 % of area; the major crops are maize. Chikkamegheri (CKM) series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 6.66 % of areas; crops are maize (80 %) and onion (20 %). Balapur (BPR) series are having deep soil depth cover around 14.32 % of area; crops are groundnut (25 %), sorghum (75 %) and Lakshmangudda (LGD) series having deep soil depth cover around 14.84 % of area, the major crops grown are groundnut (37.1%), maize (35.3 %) and sorghum (27.6 %). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.25791/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs.21143/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.31). In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs 20790/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs.13082/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.01). In onion the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.54232/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.35) and Rs. 20322/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.14). In groundnut cost of cultivation range between is Rs.45590/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs. 31872 in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.02). In chilli the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs 21836/ha (with BCR of 1.65). In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.22526/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and cotton the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.21836/ha (with BCR of 1.62). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4 The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (74 to 79.7%), sorghum (64.8 to 85.9%), onion (59.5 to 90.5%), groundnut (56.6 to65.6%), chilli (96.3 %), cotton (49.4%) and bengalgram (60.8 %) |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.103 & 32. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/38471 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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18.Belhatti-6 (4D4A3I1f).pdf | 13.73 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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