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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KINHI (4D5B7G1a) MICROWATERSHED Gulbarga Taluk, Gulbarga District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of KInhi (4D5B7G1a) Microwatershed, Sedam Taluk, Gulbarga District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ.59, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.87 & 30. |
Series/Report no.: | 58; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kinhi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 650 ha in Kinhi microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, seven per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 8 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 92 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 8 per cent is not suitable for agriculture. About 15 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 3 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm), 67 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 8 per cent are very shallow (<25 cm) soils. Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface. About 66 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 28 per cent gravelly to very gravelly soils (15-60 % gravel). About 15 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 37 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (<50 mm/m). About 74 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands, about 16 per cent area is gently (3-5%) to moderately sloping (5-10%) lands and about 3 per cent area is nearly level (0-1%) lands. An area of about 40 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 30 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 23 per cent severely eroded (e3). An area of about 32 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4), 13 per cent slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) and 48 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5- 7.3) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 12 per cent medium (0.5-0.75%), 80 per cent high (>0.75%) and 1 per cent low (<0.5%) in organic carbon. Major area of 89 per cent has soils that are low (<23 kg/ha), 3 per cent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 58 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), 1 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 34 per cent low (<145 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 24 per cent area, medium (10-20 ppm) in 69 per cent and less than one per cent high (>20 ppm). Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 55 per cent area, 37 per cent medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area. Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. About 42 per cent area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc and 52 per cent sufficient (>0.6 ppm). The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderate ly suitable (S2) Sorghum 99 (15) 246 (38) Guava - 315(49) Maize - 222(34) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 345 (53) Jamun - 99(15) Sunflower 99 (15) - Musambi 21 (3) 294(45) Cotton 95 (15) 250 (38) Lime 21 (3) 294(45) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 99 (15) 246 (38) Custard apple 316 (49) 209(32 ) Bengalgra m 322(50) 200(31) Amla 316 (49) 177 (27) Mango - - Tamarind - 99 (15) Sapota - 315(49) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in in sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance also also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kinhi micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17038’ – 17040’ North latitudes and 7702’ – 7703’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 649 ha, surrounded by Dongargaon, Dhanura, Hallikheda and Dhorjamga villages with an length of grown period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Kinhi micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed) in Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 48.1 to 51.9 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.5 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 92.3 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80 per cent. Wood is the major source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent. About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (20%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 30 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 11.5 per cent of farm households. Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 1.41 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The farmer cultivated land on dry land of sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 6.06 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.76 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.16500 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 4339 per household; about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and bullock cart. The average value of livestock is around Rs. 42222 per household; about 47 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 765.6 grams (1603.63 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 37021 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2381. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2011 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1220753 per year for the total area of 649 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7638/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sugarcane (Rs. 47224) followed by red gram (Rs. 44128) and bengal gram (Rs. 7119). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sugar cane Rs. 174190 followed by red gram (Rs. 106399) and bengal gram (Rs. 46606). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is red gram (78.7 %) followed by bengal gram (12.27 %) and sugar cane (9.0 %). 3 In Kinhi Microwatershed, major soil is Basaltic landforms of Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 7.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Novinihala (NHA) is also having shallow soil depth cover 20.64 % of area, the crops are red gram (66.7 %) and bengal gram (33.3 %). Dinsi (DSI) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 41.2 % of areas, crops are red gram (80.1%) and sugar cane (19.9 %). Mahagaon (MAN) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 3.3 % of area, crops are red gram. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.164793/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 0.33) and Rs.19150/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 1.85). In bengal gram cost of cultivation in NHA soil is Rs 19876/ha (with BCR of 1.36) and sugarcane cost of cultivation in DSI soil is Rs. 35724/ha (with BCR of 2.32). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (10.7 to 39.8%), bengal gram (53.9 %) and sugarcane (38.2 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.87 & 30. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/38493 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
Files in This Item:
File | Description | Size | Format | |
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59.Kinhi (4D5B7G1a).pdf | 14.84 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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