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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HATTI-2 (4D4A1S2a) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Hatti-2 (4D4A1S2a) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ.154, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.109&33. |
Series/Report no.: | 154; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Hatti-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 425 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 425 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by rock out crops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 4 per cent of the soils is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 34 per cent moderately deep (75- 100 cm) and 58 per cent has deep to very deep soils (100 ->150 cm). About 9 per cent of the area is sandy, 54 per cent loamy and 33 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 75 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 20 per cent has gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 2 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils. With respect to available water capacity 22 per cent of the area has very low (<50mm/m), 35 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), 24 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 15 per cent area has high to very high (>200mm/m). An area of about 2 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 95 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 9 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 88 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 71 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 13 per cent slightly alkaline(pH 7.3 to 7.8), 6 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 4 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 3 per cent soils very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that soils are non saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 85 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 12 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in 3 per cent, medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 44 and high (>57 kg/ha) in 50 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 64 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 34 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (< 10 ppm) in 19 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 63 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 85 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 13 per cent area of the soils. Available iron is deficient in 44 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 53 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent of the area and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 45 per cent of the area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180 (42) 46(11) Pomegranate 135(32) 118(28) Maize 115(27) 112(26) Guava 112(26) 85(20) Bajra 156(37) 113(26) Jackfruit 135(32) 62(15) Redgram 121(28) 74 (17) Jamun 64(15) 121(28) Bengal gram 24(6) 220 (51) Musambi 159 (37) 94(22) Groundnut 66(34) 239 (56) Lime 159 (37) 94 (22) Sunflower 145 (5) 82 (19) Cashew 123(29) 102 (24) Cotton 88 (21) 139(32) Custard apple 195(46) 219(51) Chilli 156(37) 14(3) Amla 171(40) 243 (57) Tomato 156(37) 14(3) Tamarind 64(15) 106(25) Drumstick 121(28) 197 (46) Marigold 121(28) 106(25) Mulberry 121(28) 276(65) Chrysanthemum 121(28) 106 (25) Mango 64(15) 71(17) Jasmine 121(28) 50(12) Sapota 135(32) 62(15) Crossandra 121(28) 82(19) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 101 (53.44%) men and 88 (46.56%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.8, marginal farmers’ was 5.42, small farmers’ was 5.27, semi medium farmers’ was 4.83, medium farmers’ was 4.83 and large farmers’ was 11. The data indicated that, 42 (22.22%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (47.62%) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (22.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.94%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hatti-2 had 31.75 per cent illiterates, 26.98 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.52 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.76 per cent of them had high school education, 6.88 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.53 per cent had ITI, 4.76 per cent of them had degree and 0.53 per cent of them did masters. The results indicate that, 61.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 33.33 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.51 per cent of the household members, 30.69 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.59 per cent were general labourers, 1.06 per cent were in private service, 0.53 per cent was into trade and business, 22.75 per cent were students and 4.76 per cent were children. The results show that, 0.53 per cent of the households participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 99.47 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 5.56 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 58.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 19.44 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 16.67 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house. The results show that 77.78 per cent of the households possess TV, 88.89 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of them possess bicycle, 30.56 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 80.56 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,428, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,296, bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 40,416 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,526. About 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 5.56 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.78 per cent of 2 them possess irrigation pump, 13.89 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 69.44 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 24,000, plough was Rs. 1,850, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.3,500, irrigation pump was Rs. 10,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,060, sprinkler was Rs.800 and weeder was Rs. 49. The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 36.11 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.56 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 8.33 per cent possess buffalo, 2.78 per cent possess sheep, 2.78 per cent possess goat and 2.78 per cent of them possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 14.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.19. The results indicate that 77.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hatti-2 micro-watershed possess 27.87 ha (52.35%) of dry land and 25.37 ha (47.65%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.08 ha (90%) of dry land and 0.45 ha (10%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.47 ha (83.04%) of dry land and 2.34 ha (16.96%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.65 ha (60.87%) of dry land and 4.28 ha (39.13%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.67 ha (30.30%) of dry land and 13.03 ha (69.70%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.26 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 390,981.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 327,074.22. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 710,615.08 for dry land and Rs. 882,142.85 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 461,926.60 for dry land and Rs. 255,960.68 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 255,413.62 for dry land and Rs. 397,256.38 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 176,428.57 for dry land and Rs. 276,149.07. In case of large farmers the average land value was Rs. 380,000. The results indicate that, there were 12 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and 1 de-functioning open wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 33.33 per cent and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.56 per cent of the farmers. 3 The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 40.40 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 8.81 per cent. The results indicate that small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 3.25 ha, 6.10 ha, 12.96 ha and 5.26 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.99 ha), bajra/pearl millet/sajje (19.03 ha), groundnut (6.57 ha), redgram (3.64 ha) and navane (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize and bajra. Small and semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, redgram, groundnut and navane. Large farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. The results indicate that small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 3.25 ha, 6.10 ha, 12.96 ha and 5.26 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.99 ha), bajra/pearl millet/sajje (19.03 ha), groundnut (6.57 ha), redgram (3.64 ha) and navane (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize and bajra. Small and semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, redgram, groundnut and navane. Large farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hatti-2 micro-watershed was found to be 66.22 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31242.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76824.86. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 45581.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.46. The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 19242.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 25217.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31. The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 29582.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59280. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 29697.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 19973.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 24486.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.23. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 53039.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45570.78. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -7468.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86. The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.56 per cent of them opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 52.78 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. 4 The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 29,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 40,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 61,181.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 83,000, for medium farmers it was Rs. 105,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 355,800. The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.56 per cent of them opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 52.78 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 29,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 40,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 61,181.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 83,000, for medium farmers it was Rs. 105,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 355,800. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,202.65. For landless households it was Rs. 3,120, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,394.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,222.22, for medium farmers it was Rs. 10,888.89 and for large farmers it was Rs. 170,100. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 105 coconut trees, 20 lemon trees and 69 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 202 neem trees, 22 tamarind trees, 2 acacia trees and 2 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,527.78 for land development, Rs. 388.89 for irrigation facility, Rs. 972.22 for improved crop production and Rs. 388.89 for orchard development/maintenance. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 13.89 per cent for land development, for 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility, for 16.67 per cent for improved crop production and for 8.33 per cent for orchard development/maintenance. Soft loan was the source of additional investment capacity for 2.78 per cent of the households for land development. The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut and maize were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Navane was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent and redgram was sold to the extent of 64 per cent. The results indicated that, about 13.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 86.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 30.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.56 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households used cart, 2.78 per cent of them used truck and 83.33 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation. 5 The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent of the households used firewood and 13.89 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 80.56 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 2.78 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 2.78 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 30.56 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 63.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 63.89 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.78 per cent, milk was adequate for 47.22 per cent, eggs were adequate for 33.33 per cent and meat was adequate for 22.22 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were in adequate for 33.33 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 75 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent, milk was inadequate for 47.22 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 61.11 per cent and meat was inadequate for 55.56 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 41.67 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 8.33 per cent of the households, fruits were market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households, milk was market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households and meat was market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 36.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (52.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.44%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (19.44%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.22%), low price for the agricultural commodities (41.67%), inadequate extension services (22.22%), lack of transport for safe transport of the 6 agricultural produce to the market (27.78%), less rainfall (61.11%) and Source of Agri-technology information (30.56%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.109 & 33. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/40250 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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