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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HARVE-2 (4B3E1G2c) MICROWATERSHED Chamarajanagara Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2018). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of (2018), “Land Resource Inventory for Watershed Planning and Development of Harve 2 (4B3E1G2c) Micro watershed, Chamarajanagar taluk & district, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ.602, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.93 & 32. |
Series/Report no.: | 602; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Harve-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 436 ha in Harve-2 microwatershed in Chamarajnagar taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 769 mm, of which about 316 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 252 mm during north-east and the remaining 201 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent area is covered by soils, 10 per cent area is covered by mining/industrial and 2 per cent is by others (Habitation and Water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series, 26 soil phases (mapping units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the last week of July to 4th week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire cultivated area of about 86 per cent is suitable for agriculture. An area of about 6 per cent has deep (100-150 cm) soils, an area of 16 per cent has moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils. Maximum area of about 34 per cent is under moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils and shallow (25-50 cm) soils occupy 30 per cent area in the microwatershed. An area of about 40 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and an area of about 47 per cent has sandy at the surface. An area of about 21 per cent has gravelly (15-35%) soils and an area of about 65 per cent has very gravelly (35-60%) soils in the microwatershed. About 44 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 43 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) lands. An area of about 51 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 35 per cent has soils that are moderately eroded (e2) and 1 per cent area under gullied lands. An area of about 6 per cent soils are slightly acid to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 21 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) soils and 60 per cent has slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) soils in the microwatershed. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 26 per cent area is low (<0.5%) and 61 per cent area has soils that are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon. An area of about 25 per cent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and high (>57 kg/ha) in 62 per cent area in available phosphorus. An area of about 2 per cent has soils that are low (<145 kg/ha), 49 per cent has soils that are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 35 per cent area has high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 46 per cent area and medium (10-20 ppm) in 41 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 14 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 72 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 41 per cent area has soils that are deficient (<4.5 ppm) and 46 per cent area has soils that are sufficient (>4.5ppm) in the available iron. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. An area of about 32 per cent has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 55 per cent has soils are sufficient in available zinc. The land suitability for 9 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crops Suitability area in ha (%) Highly Suitable (S1) Moderately Suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(4) 231(53) Maize 16(4) 231(53) Finger millet 16(4) 231(53) Red gram 10(2) 87(19) Groundnut 16(4) 231(53) Cotton 10(2) 236(54) Chilli 16(4) 231(53) Mango - 14(3) Sapota - 97(22) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Harve 2 Microwatershed (Chamarajanagar taluk and district) is located in between 15018’ – 15020’ North latitudes and 7603’ – 7605’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 435.66 ha, bounded by Harve, Tammadahalli, Kethahalli and Kaggalipura villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Harve 2 Microwatershed in Chamarajanagar taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 48.8 to 51.1 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 64 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 66.6 per cent. Social groups belong to around other backward caste (OBC) is 50.0 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households. About 66.6 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (50.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 20.6 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 80.0 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 0.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry irrigated land of 56.4 % and rain fed land 43.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 15.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 51.3 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15487 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 4280 per household, about 90 per cent of sample farmers weeder and drip/sprinkler (20.0 %). The average value of livestock is around Rs. 34444 per household; about 54.5 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 552.3 grams (1502.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs.145229. per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1198. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 617 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 232650 per year for the total area of 435.7 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 91737/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 200516) followed by turmeric (Rs. 94392), beans (Rs. 33933), groundnut (Rs. 9452), sorghum (Rs. 4237), horse gram (Rs. 3181) sorghum and mulberry (Rs. 1561). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1046/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 1425) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1022) and horse gram (Rs. 690). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs. 294826) followed by coconut (Rs. 239888), mulberry (Rs. 211913), banana (Rs. 3 146348), turmeric (Rs. 48512), sorghum (Rs. 38916), horse gram (Rs. 21416) and groundnut (Rs. 19822). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is horse gram (50.4%) followed by sorghum (15.4 %), coconut (13.4 %), turmeric (9.8 %), banana (6.5 %), groundnut (3.4 %) and mulberry (1.3 %). In Harve 2 Microwatershed, major soils are soil of Harve (HRV) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 11.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut. Kaggalipura (KGP) are also having shallow soil depth cover 17.7 % of area, the crops are banana (50 %) and turmeric (50 %). Mukahalli (MUK) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 1.3 % of areas, crops are horsegram (50.0 %) and sorghum (50.0 %). Lakkipur (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 63.8 % of area, crops are groundnut (83.9 %) and sorghum (16.1 %). Mukhadahalli (MKH) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 2.9 % of area; the major crops grown are horse gram (28.2 %) and sunflower (71.8 %). Kumachahalli (KMH) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 2.9 % of area, the major crop grown is beans (33.6 %), turmeric (33.6 %) and horse gram (32.6 %). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover 2.5 % of areas; crops are mulberry. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs.27090 ha in KMH soil (with BCR of 1.54) and Rs. 13481/ha in MKH soil (with BCR of 1.69). In sorghum the cost of cultivation ranges between 23827/ha in MUK soil (with BCR of 1.59) and Rs.220271 /ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 0.91). In turmeric the cost of cultivation range between Rs 87150 /ha in KMH soil (with BCR of 1.54) and Rs.105782/ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.79). In banana the cost of cultivation in KGP soil is Rs.86621/ha (with BCR of 3.31). In mulberry the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs.68106/ha (with BCR of 1.02). In groundnut the cost of cultivation in LKR soil is Rs.36861/ha (with BCR of 1.30) and beans the cost of cultivation in KMH soil is Rs.23579/ha (with BCR of 2.44). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. 4 It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (20.9 to 41.2%), sorghum (45.0 to 73.6 %), groundnut (58.3 %), banana (52.6 %), coconut (51.0 %), mulberry (24.6 %) and turmeric (8.9%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.93 & 32 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43757 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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602.Harve-2_(4B3E1G2c).pdf | 12.64 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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