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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BACHANAHALLI-2 (4D4A2Q3b) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Bachanahalli -2 (4D4A2Q3b) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.248, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.115 & 39. |
Series/Report no.: | 248; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Bachanahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 591 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99% per cent is covered by soils, <1 per cent by habitation, water bodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 5 per cent of soils are very shallow (<25 cm), 7 per cent of the soils are shallow (50-75 cm), 31 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 31 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 25 per cent has deep (100- 150 cm) soils. About 85 per cent area has clayey soils, 15 per cent loamy soils at the surface. About 45 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 30 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 24 per cent has very gravelly (35-60%) at the surface. About 45 per cent are very low (<50 mm/m), 30 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and 25 per cent has very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 51 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 49 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 3 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 7 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 50 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4) and 40 per cent are strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4->9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is <2 dS m-1 and as such the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in about 48 per cent, medium (0.5-0.75%) in about 51 per cent and <1 per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in about 38 per cent, medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 45 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 69 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 30 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 65 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 27 per cent and about 8 per cent area is high (>20 ppm). Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 13 per cent area and 86 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 19 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 81 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 57 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 42 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 147 (25) 210 (36) Pomegranate - 172 (29) Maize - 89 (15) Guava - 25 (4) Bajra - 90 (15) Jackfruit - 25 (4) Red gram - 172 (29) Jamun - 147 (25) Bengalgram 147 (25) 181 (31) Musambi 147 (25) 25 (4) Groundnut - 89 (15) Lime 147 (25) 25 (4) Sunflower 147 (25) 25 (4) Cashew - 155 (26) Cotton 147 (25) 211 (36) Custard apple 147 (25) 365 (62) Chilli - 89 (15) Amla - 512 (87) Tomato - 89 (15) Tamarind - 147 (25) Drumstick - 172 (29) Marigold - 357 (61) Mulberry - 327(55) Chrysanthemum - 357 (61) Mango - - Jasmine - 210 (36) Sapota - 25 (4) Crossandra - 109 (19) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 123 (59.13%) men and 85 (40.87%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers was 5, marginal farmers’ was 4.9, small farmers’ was 4.9, semi medium farmers’ was 5.1, and medium farmers’ was 7.3. The data indicated that, 34 (16.35%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 99 (47.60%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (25.48%) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (10.58%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Bachanahalli-2 had 18.27 per cent illiterates, 34.62 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.85 per cent of them had middle school education, 20.67 per cent of them had high school education, 11.54 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.48 per cent of them did diploma, 4.81 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing masters. The results indicate that, 95 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 2.5 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, and 2.5 per cent were students. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.54 per cent of the household members, 37.02 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.48 per cent were general laborers, 0.48 per cent of them were artisans, 2.40 per cent of them were housewife, and 0.48 per cent of them were in private services. The results show that 0.48 per cent of the households participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 99.52 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 90 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 2.50 per cent of them possess pucca house and 7.50 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. The results shows that 85 per cent of the households possess TV, 10 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD player, 70 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 42.50 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 70 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler, 2.50 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 2.50 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop, 2.50 per cent of the households possess electric fan and 97.50 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.3514, DVD/VCD player was Rs.1100, mixer grinder was Rs.1000, refrigerator was Rs.15000, bicycle was Rs.615, motor cycle was Rs.34107, car/four wheeler was Rs.200000, mobile phone was Rs.1416, computer/laptop was Rs.28000 and electric fan was Rs.800. About 25 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.50 per cent of them possess plough, 2.50 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 12.50 per cent of the households possess tractor, 37.50 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 77.50 per cent of them possess weeder, 2.50 per cent of them possess harvester, 2.50 2 per cent of them possess thresher, 22.50 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 2.50 per cent of them possess JCB, and 7.50 per cent of the households possess earth remover/ duster. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17200, plough was Rs.1818, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.18000, tractor was Rs.290000, sprayer was Rs. 3840, harvester was Rs.28000, thresher was Rs.1000, chaff cutter was Rs.1755, JCB was Rs.1000 and earth remover was Rs.18666. The results indicate that, 32.50 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 27.50 per cent of the households possess local cow, 15 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 17.50 per cent of the households possess buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.88, average own labour (women) available was 1.70, average hired labour (men) available was 10.88 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.13. The results indicate that, 47.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate and 52.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 40 per cent of small, 70 per cent of semi medium, and 25 per cent of medium farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Bachanahalli-2 micro watershed possess 39.24 ha (67.32%) of dry land and 19.05 ha (32.68%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs. 180868 and average value of irrigated was Rs.448661. The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 37.50 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 47.89 meters. The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.21 hectares, small farmers had 7.64 hectares, semi medium farmers had 12.66 hectares and medium farmers had 2.90 hectares. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (13.3 ha), bengalgram (12.33 ha), maize (24.3 ha), cotton (5.84 ha), sunflower (6.58 ha), onion (4.53 ha), cowpea (2.25 ha), redgram (2.08 ha), horsegram (1.66 ha), sorghum (0.81 ha) and drumstick (0.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, cowpea, sorghum and drumstick. Small farmers have grown bajra, bengalgram, maize, cotton, sunflower and horsegram. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, bengalgram, maize, cotton, sunflower, redgram and cowpea. Medium farmers have grown bajra, maize, bengalgram and onion. 3 The cropping intensity in Bachanahalli-2 micro watershed was found to be 91.80 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 92.91 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 81.79 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 34813.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50035.88. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 15222.70, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 40835.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24585.01. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 16250.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.6. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 10722.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 6186.05. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. -4536.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58. The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 36858.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70317.97. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 33459.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91. The total cost of cultivation for horse gram was Rs. 18585.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16947.44. The net income from horse gram cultivation was Rs. -1638.53, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91. The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 32802.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34641.75. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 1839.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37593.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88658.87. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 51065.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.36. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31354.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43850.03. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 12495.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 16274.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41446.99. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 25172.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.55. The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 31764.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41401.91. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. 9636.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3. The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 36051.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20583.33. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. - 15468.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57. The results indicate that, 15 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 52.50 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. 4 The results also revealed that 35 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 5 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.175000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.98945, for small farmers it was Rs.113988, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.167665, and for medium farmers it was Rs.360305. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 21735 for marginal households, Rs.7455 for small households, Rs.19220 for semi medium households, and Rs.26832 for medium households. The results indicated that, bajra, bengalgram, cotton, cowpea, drumstick, horsegram, jowar, onion, redgram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Maize was sold to the extent of 95.79 per cent. The results indicated that, about 55 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village, 7.50 per cent have sold their produce to agents/traders, another 7.50 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, and 67.50 per cent have sold in regulated markets. The results indicated that 15 per cent have used cart and 100 per cent of the farmers have used tractor as a mode of transport. The results indicated that, 22.50 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 27.50 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 30 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 70 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 80 percent used fire wood, 5 per cent of the households used biogas and another 20 percent of the households used LPG. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 37.50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 40 per cent of marginal, 40 per cent of small, 20 per cent of semi medium, and 50 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 87.50 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, and 12.50 per cent of the households possessed APL card. The results indicated that, 17.50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 40 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 42.50 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 47.50 per cent, fruits were adequate for 7.50 per cent, 5 milk was adequate for 55 per cent, eggs were adequate for 37.50 per cent and meat was adequate for 32.50 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.50 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 62.50 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 25 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 20 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 52.50 per cent, milk was inadequate for 30 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 52.50 per cent and meat was inadequate for 17.50 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 32.50 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 27.50 per cent, fruits were market surplus for 15 per cent, milk was market surplus for 7.50 per cent, eggs were market surplus for 7.50 per cent and meat was market surplus for 10 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 32.50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (52.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (12.50%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (45%), high rate of interest on credit (45%), low price for the agricultural commodities (30%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (37.50%), inadequate extension facility (7.50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (55%), less rainfall (72.50%) and source of agri-technology information (62.50%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.115 & 39. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43793 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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