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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ADAVALLI-3 (4D4A2P2d) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Adavalli-3 (4D4A2P3d) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ..245. ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.121 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 245; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Adavalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 430 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 16 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About <1 per cent very shallow (<25 cm), 23 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm), 41 per cent moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 24 per cent is moderately deep (75- 100 cm), 3 per cent is deep (100-150cm) and 7 per cent is very deep soils (>150 cm). About 43 per cent are loamy and 54 per cent are clayey soils at the surface. About 8 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 67 per cent gravelly (15- 35%) and 22 per cent has very gravelly soils (35-60 % gravel). With respect to available water capacity 50 per cent of the area is very low (<50mm/m), 33 per cent of the area low (51-100 mm/m), 8 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 7 per cent very high (>200 mm/m). An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 93 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 22 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 75 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 15 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 39 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 34 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 9 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0) soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are non saline (<2 dsm-1 ) in 97 per cent and low(2-4 dsm-1 ) in <1 per cent soils. Organic carbon is low(<0.5%) in 16 per cent, medium(0.5-0.75%) in 56 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 25 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in 11 per cent, medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 45 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 42 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 84 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 14 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 20 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 22 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 56 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 39 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm)in 53 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent of the microwatershed. Available iron is deficient in 26 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 38 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 59 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 28 (7) 134(31) Pomegranate - 79(18) Maize - 124(29) Guava - 48 (11) Bajra 33(8) 209(49) Jackfruit - 48(11) Redgram - 61 (14) Jamun - 61(14) Bengal gram 28 (7) 190 (44) Musambi 28 (7) 36 (8) Groundnut - 161(38) Lime 28(7) 36(8) Sunflower 28(7) 51 (12) Cashew - 75(18) Cotton 28 (7) 119(28) Custard apple 62(14) 258(60) Chilli 33(8) 91(21) Amla 33(8) 286 (67) Tomato 33(8) 91(21) Tamarind - 28(7) Drumstick - 91 (21) Marigold - 162(38) Mulberry - 135(32) Chrysanthemum - 162(38) Mango - - Jasmine - 131(30) Sapota - 48(11) Crossandra - 140(32) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMU’s by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Drainage line treatment and Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Adavalli-3 micro-watershed is located at 15020’46.229’’ to 150 19’1.6’’ North and 750 59’ 10.139’’ to 75057’54.516’’ covering an area of about 284.24 ha coming under Kavalura and Adavihalli Villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 38 in the micro watershed, 5 (13.16%) were landless, 10 (26.32%) were marginal, 15 (39.47%) were small farmers, 5 (13.16%) were semi medium farmers and 3 (7.89%) medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (51.45%) men and 81 (46.82%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.4, marginal farmers’ was 5.3, small farmers’ and semi medium farmers’ was 4.4 and medium farmers were 3. Majority of the respondents 33 (19.08%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (42.2%) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (28.32%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (10.4%) were above 61 years of age. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 39.31 per cent illiterates, 23.7 per cent of them had primary school, 5.2 per cent of them had Middle school education, 19.65 per cent of them had high school, 5.78 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and masters and 2.31 per cent of them had degree education. About, 44.74 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 50 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.54 per cent of the household members, 56.65 per cent were agricultural laborers, 19.08 per cent student and 1.16 per cent was children. The household possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions. In the study area, 15.79 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.79 per cent of the households possess TV, 13.16 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 18.42 per cent of the household’s posses bicycles, 15.79 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 84.21 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, Rs. 7,620, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,500, bicycle was Rs. 1,714, motor cycle was Rs. 48,166 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,139. 2 Regarding livestock possession by the households, 26.32 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 7.89 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.26 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep. The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.91, average own labour (women) available was 1.55, average hired labour (men) available was 11.39 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.21. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 95.46 ha (60.85%) of dry land, 1.42 ha (2.67%) of irrigated land and 1 (1.87%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 6.29 ha (96.7%) of dry land, 0.14 ha (2.12%) of irrigated land and 0.08 (1.18%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 22.3 ha (97.59%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (2.41%) of permanent fallow land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.58 ha (83.79%) of dry land, 1.29 ha (12.57%) of irrigated land and 0.37 ha (3.64%) of permanent fallow land. Medium farmers possess 13.84 ha (100%) of irrigated land. There were 2 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.26 per cent of the farmers. The major crops have grown Sorghum (14.7 ha), sunflower (12.74 ha), Bengal gram (9.75 ha), maize (4.86 ha), green gram (4.45 ha), red gram (1.62 ha), sunflower (1.29 ha), bajra (1.22 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), Jowar (0.9 ha), Rabi red gram (0.81 ha) and Rabi Bengal gram (0.14 ha). The cropping intensity in Adavalli-3 Micro-watershed was found to be 84.23 per cent The per hectare cost of Green gram was Rs. 63378.02, 35947.20, 29781.07, 34409.53, 40619.72, 73308.64, 29969.49 and 19100.33 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.72, 1:0.6, 1:3.73, 1:1.91, 1:0.37, 1:0.78, 1:1.43 and 1:1.75 respectively. Further, 5.26 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 18.42 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 23.68 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income was Rs. 19,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 51,740, for small farmers it was Rs. 76,126.67, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 126,560 and medium farmers it was Rs. 222,833.33. The average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,779.82. For landless farmers it was Rs. 5,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,040, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,142.22, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,020 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 43,000. Sampled households have planted 14 coconut trees in their backyard to cultivate horticultural crops. 3 Households have planted 6 neem and 1 banyan trees in their field to cultivate forest species. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,473.68 for land development, Rs. 105.26 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2,368.42 for improved crop production and Rs. 921.05 for improved crop production. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 36.84 per cent for land development, 34.21 per cent for improved crop production and 13.16 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development. Regarding marketing channels, 78.95 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 28.95 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. Further, 2.86 per cent of the households have used head load, 107.89 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation. Majority of the households 31.58 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems. The household possess, (65.79%) were interested towards soil testing. The households possess, 2.63 per cent of the households used dung cake, 92.11 per cent of the households used fire wood and 5.26 per cent of the households use LPG as a source of fuel. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 73.32 per cent and 23.68 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 47.37 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.37 per cent of the households possess BPL cards. Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.79 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.63 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 73.68 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.26 per cent and milk, egg and meat were adequate for 78.95 per cent of the households. Pulses were inadequate for 34.21 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 76.32 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 10.53 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 92.11 per cent, milk were inadequate for 7.89 per cent and egg were inadequate for 18.42 per cent of the households. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (55.26%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (47.37%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (31.58 %), high cost 4 of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (76.32%), high rate of interest on credit (39.47%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (68.42%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.26%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (42.11%), less rainfall and Source of Agritechnology information (21.05%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.121 & 35. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43799 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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