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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT TIGARI-2 (4D4A2Q3f) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Tigari-2 (4D4A2Q3f) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ. 298, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.143 & 41, |
Series/Report no.: | 298; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Tigari-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 635 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 84 per cent is covered by soils, 14 per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 14 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 4 per cent of the soils are very shallow (<25 cm), 24 per cent are shallow (50- 75 cm), 27 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 23 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 16 per cent area has deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils. About 61 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 32 per cent loamy soils at the surface. About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 16 per cent gravelly (15-35 % gravel) and 23 per cent very gravelly (35-60%) soils. About 37 per cent are very low (<50 mm/m), 20 per cent are low (51-100 mm/m), 31 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 6 per cent high (151-200 mm/m) to very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area of about 94 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 44 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 50 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 17 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4), 26 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 51 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is <2 dS m-1 and as such the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in about 53 per cent and 41 per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. Entire area in about 94 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. Entire area in about 94 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in entire area of about 94 per cent soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 41 per cent area and 52 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm). Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the entire area. Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 235 (37) 155 (24) Sapota 101 (16) 146 (23) Maize 88 (14) 302 (47) Pomegranate 101 (16) 147 (23) Bajra 244 (38) 176 (28) Musambi 101 (16) 146 (23) Groundnut 10 (2) 341 (54) Lime 101 (16) 146 (23) Sunflower 101 (16) 146 (23) Amla 244 (38) 176 (28) Red gram 101 (16) 147 (23) Cashew 62 (10) 182 (29) Bengalgram 1 (<1) 363 (57) Jackfruit 101 (16) 146 (23) Cotton 39 (6) 350 (55) Jamun 38 (6) 207 (32) Chilli 222 (35) 167 (26) Custard apple 245 (39) 175 (28) Tomato 222 (35) 167 (26) Tamarind 38 (6) 63 (10) Brinjal 206 (32) 156 (24) Mulberry 88 (14) 158 (25) Onion 72 (11) 289 (45) Marigold 88 (14) 302 (47) Bhendi 72 (11) 290 (46) Chrysanthemum 88 (14) 302 (32) Drumstick 101 (16) 147 (23) Jasmine 88 (14) 301 (47) Mango 38 (6) 62 (10) Crossandra 101 (16) 289 (45) Guava 101 (16) 146 (23) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 91 (62.33%) men and 55 (37.67%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 3.5, small farmer was 4.3, semi medium farmer was 5.0, medium farmers were 6.3 and for large farmers it was 7.7. The data indicated that 10 (6.85%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 68 (46.58%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (32.19 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (14.38%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that micro watershed had 22.60 per cent illiterates, 40.41 per cent of the people had primary school education, 22.60 per cent of them had high school education, 9.59 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.05 per cent of them had degree education and another 2.05 per cent of them had done masters. The results indicate that, 96.77 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 3.23 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 3.23 per cent were in government service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.99 per cent of the household members, 50 per cent were agricultural labourers, 10.96 per cent were students, 0.68 per cent were in government service and private service. The results show that only 2 (1.37%) households have participated in self help groups, 1 household each has participated in NGO and dairy cooperative and remaining 97.26 per cent of the sampled households have not participated in any local institution. The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households possess Katcha house in the micro watershed. The results shows that 90.32 per cent of the households possess TV, 64.52 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 12.9 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 64.52 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 103.23 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 6.45 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 4107, mixer grinder was Rs.1636, bicycle was Rs.1125, motor cycle was Rs. 33750, mobile phone was Rs.1818 and computer/laptop was Rs.27500. About 51.61 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.81 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 61.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 9.68 per cent of the households possess tractor, 6.45 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 16.13 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 9.68 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster and 90.32 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1428, bullock cart was Rs.23750, sprayer was 2 Rs.2575, tractor was Rs. 300000, sprinkler was Rs. 8000, weeder was Rs.27, chaff cutter was Rs.2000 and earth remover or duster was Rs.26000. The results indicate that, 38.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 12.9 per cent of the households possess local cow and 9.68 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.42, average hired labour (men) available was 22.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 0.68. The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 80.65 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Tigari-2 micro watershed possess 4.66 ha (9.06%) of dry land and 46.77 ha (90.94%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs. 364813 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 262902. There were 21 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. There was also one live open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed which belonged to a small farmer. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 74.19 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 3.23 per cent of the farmers. The average depth of bore well was found to be 124.87 meters and the depth of open well was 0.98 meters. The results indicate that, marginal farmers had 2.97 ha, small farmers had 7.38 ha, semi medium farmers had 8.23 ha, medium farmers had 7.94 ha and large farmers had 11.30 ha of irrigated area. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Maize (16.98 ha), Bajra (14.37 ha), Sugarcane (4.94 ha), Cow pea (2.52 ha), Cotton (1.42 ha), Kharif-Bengal gram (0.91 ha), Jowar (0.81 ha), Brinjal (0.81 ha), Black gram (0.43 ha), Water melon (0.4 ha), Rabi-Bengal gram (0.15 ha), Onion (0.12 ha), Summer-Bengal gram (0.12 ha). The cropping intensity in Tigari-2 micro watershed was found to be 79.22per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 58.47 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 99.70 per cent, for medium farmers it was 99.49 per cent and for large farmers it was 73.04 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36020.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42939.81. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6919.22, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19. 3 The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 35575.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22847.50. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs.-12727.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.64. The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 519317.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 343571.96. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. -175745.20, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.66. The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 26044.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55702.06. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. 29657.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.14. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 27808.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69865.71. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 42056.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.51. The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 89544.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 173584.96. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 84040.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94. The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 31467.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18543.42. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. -12923.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59. The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 18391.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39396.50. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 21004.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.14. The total cost of cultivation for blackgram was Rs. 41872.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 192007.56. The net income from blackgram cultivation was Rs. 150135.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.59. The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 73118.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 2119260. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 2046141.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:28.98. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 269811.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.2119260. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 2046141.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:28.98. The results indicate that, 135 tonnes of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 71 days in a year. About 87 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 57 days in a year. No households opined that dry fodder was adequate in the micro watershed. Around 48.39 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Around 58.06 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 3.23 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 209233. For marginal farmers it was Rs 154274, for small farmers it was Rs.136733, for semi 4 medium farmers it was Rs.177216, for medium farmers it was Rs. 227000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 656196. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 36111.11. For marginal farmers it was Rs.23700, for small farmers it was Rs.10956, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.25694.44, for medium farmers it was Rs.58222.22 and for large farmers it was Rs. 151666.67. The results indicated that, Bengal gram, brinjal, cotton, jowar, onion and water melon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Around 96.77 per cent of the farmers sold their produce in regulated markets, 16.13 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 6.45 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement. Around 96.77 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport and 25.81 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 48.39 per cent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel, 41.94 per cent of the households used LPG and another 9.68 per cent of the households used biogas as a source of domestic fuel. Bore well was the major source for drinking water for 96.77 per cent of the households and open well was the source of drinking water for 3.23 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Around 45.16 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 10 per cent of the marginal, 11.11 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium, 100 per cent of the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 70.97 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 29.03 per cent possessed APL card. Around 48.39 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 40 percent of the marginal, 22.22 per cent of the small, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium, 100 percent of the medium and 66.67 per cent large farmers. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 25.81 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 6.45 per cent of the households, milk was adequate for 32.26 per cent of the households and egg was adequate for 6.45 per cent of the households, meat was adequate for 9.68 per cent of the households. Oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were market surplus for 70.97 per cent, 54.84 per cent, 22.58 per cent, 6.45 per cent, 12.90 per cent and 35.48 per cent respectively. 5 The results indicated that, wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 3.23 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.94%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.45%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (32.26%), high rate of interest on credit (6.45%), low price for the agricultural commodities (9.68%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.03%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (38.71%), less rainfall (100%) and source of agri-technology information was a constraint for 83.87 per cent of the people. |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.143 & 41, |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43814 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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298. Tigari-2_(2Q3f).pdf | 22.93 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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