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Title: | Bank funded Project ICAR – NATIONAL BUREAU OF SOIL SURVEY AND LAND USE PLANNING WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT GOVT. OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HANUMANTHARAYANAGUDDA-2 (4B3E2G2c) MICRO WATERSHED Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of hanumantharayanagudda-2 (4B3E2G2c) Microwatershed, Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.220, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.101 & 31. |
Series/Report no.: | 220; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Hanumantharayanagudda-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 131 ha out of total area of 668 ha in Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagar District Karnataka. The remaining area of about 509 ha is under Forest. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during the south – west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 20 per cent is covered by soils, 76 per cent by forests and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of Land growing period is 150 days and starts from 3rdweek of June to 3rdweek of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural Lands were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 3 per cent area of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 2 per cent moderately deep (75-100 cm), 1 per cent deep (100-150 cm) and 14 per cent very deep (>150 cm) soils. About 2 per cent area has loamy soils, 2 per cent sandy and 16 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface. About 16 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (<15%), 3 per cent gravelly (15- 35 % gravel) soils and 1 per cent very gravelly (35-60%) soils. About 3 per cent area has very low (<50 mm/m), 3 per cent area has low (51-100 mm/m) and 14 per cent area has very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 14 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and <1 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands. About 19 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and <1 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands. About 3 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 7 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3- 7.8) and 10 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dSm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in <1 per cent, medium (0.5-0.75%) in about 19 per cent and about 1 per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%). About 1 per cent area is low (<23 kg/ha), 18 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high in available phosphorus. Major area of about 19 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about one per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 18 per cent and 2 per cent area is medium in available sulphur. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 18 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of about 1 per cent of the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in about 19 per cent and deficient in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 14 per cent and sufficient in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 27 major Lands grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various Lands but what specific Land to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various Lands in the microwatershed Land Suitability Area in ha (%) Land Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 66(10) 45(7) Guava 65(10) 14(2) Maize 65(10) 13(2) Banana 59(9) 40(6) Red gram 65(10) 63(9) Jackfruit 65(10) - Horsegram 65(10) 67(10) Jamun 59(9) 40(6) Fieldbean 59(9) 53(8) Musambi 65(10) 34(5) Groundnut 6(1) 86(13) Lime 65(10) 34(5) Sunflower 26(4) 72(11) Cashew 65(10) 14(2) Cotton 60(9) 19(3) Custard apple 65(10) 67(10) Onion 59(9) 53(8) Amla 65(10) 67(10) Potato 59(9) 19(3) Tamarind 59(9) 40(6) Beans 59(9) 53(8) Marigold 65(10) 61(9) Beetroot 59(9) 19(3) Chrysanthemum 59(9) 53(8) Mango 59(9) 6(1) Turmeric 59(9) 19(3) Sapota 65(10) 14(2) Apart from the individual Land suitability, a proposed Land plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different Lands and Landping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture Lands. Maintaining soil-health is vital to Land production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change.Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hanumantharayanagudda-2 micro-watershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11041’ – 11043’ North latitudes and 76036’ – 76039’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 668 ha, bounded by Devarahalli, Puttanapura, Kaligaudanahalli and Siddapura villages with length of growing period (LGP)120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results:The socio-economic outputs for the Hanumantharayanagudda-2 Microwatershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators Male and female ratio is 46 to 54 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.7 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 82.2 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 70 per cent. Light petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent. About 70 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Only 20.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80.0 per cent. Institutional participation is only 13.3 per cent. Women participation in decisions making are around 50.0 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators The average land holding is 1.04 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 60.8 % and irrigated land is 39.2 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. 2 Agriculture is the main occupation among 71.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 24.4 per cent of the sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 87513 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 5784 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs. 20067 per household; about 42.8 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 690.7 grams (1501.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 48539 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs 1155. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 452 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 58781 per year for the total area of 668.2 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 37885/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs. 142496) followed by sunflower (Rs. 10234), onion (Rs. 93300), tomato (Rs. 9445), horse gram (Rs. 7050), groundnut (Rs. 3187) and sorghum is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1917/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 3590) followed by horse gram (Rs. 1281) and groundnut (Rs. 880). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in tomato (Rs. 83902) followed by turmeric (Rs. 40928), sorghum (Rs. 34270), sunflower (Rs. 30218), groundnut (Rs. 20390), horse gram (Rs. 19342) and onion (Rs. 18662). Economic Land Evaluation The major cropping pattern is sunflower (38.7 %) followed by horsegram (27.4 %), sorghum (15.2 %), groundnut (8.0 %), turmeric (4.7 %), tomato (3.0 %) and onion (3.0 %). 3 In Hanumantharayanagudda-2 Microwatershed, major soils are Devarahalli (DRH) series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 2.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing onion (50.0 %) and tomato (50%). Kannigala (KNG) series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 2.08 % of area; the crops are groundnut (37.8 %), horse gram (13.1 %) and sunflower (49.0 %). Kallipura (KLP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 0.95 % of areas, crops are sorghum. Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having veer deep soil depth cover around 3.9 % of area; the major crops grown are horse gram (23 %), sorghum (22.6 %) and sunflower (54.4 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 5.0 % of area, the major crop grown is turmeric (100 %). Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 4.8 % of areas respectively; crops are horse gram, sorghum and sunflower. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.38586/ha (with BCR of 1.11) and Rs 20801/ha in ARK soil is (with BCR of 1.36). In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.15993/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.52) and Rs 10367 in ARK soil (with BCR of 2.38). In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 36804/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.83) and Rs. 24433/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 2.17). In tomato the cost of cultivation in DRH soil Rs 48348/ha (with of 1.18). In groundnut the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 24664/ha (with BCR of 1.18). In onion the cost of cultivation in DRH soil Rs.115679/ha (with BCR of 1.78) and in turmeric the cost of cultivation in BMB soil Rs 57087/ha (with BCR of 3.46). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4 Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sorghum (56 to 67.4 %), sunflower (35.1 to 54.7 %), horse gram (31.0 to 36.9 %), groundnut (57.1 %), onion (71.9 %) and tomato (23.5 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.101 & 31. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43824 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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