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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT GOPALAGIRI COLONY-2 (4B3E2F2a) MICRO WATERSHED Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Gopalagiri Colony-2 (4B3E2F2a) Microwatershed, Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ 219, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.97 & 30. |
Series/Report no.: | 219; |
Abstract/Description: | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Gopalagiri Colony-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 119 ha out of total area of 576 ha in Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagar District Karnataka. The remaining area of about 456 ha is under Forest. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during the south – west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 21 per cent is covered by soils, 79 per cent by forests and <1 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 4 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 days and starts from 3rdweek of June to 3rdweek of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About <1 per cent area of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 20 per cent very deep (>150 cm) soils. About 2 per cent area has loamy soils and 19 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface. About 3 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (<15%), 16 per cent gravelly (15- 35 % gravel) soils and 1 per cent very gravelly (35-60%) soils. About <1 per cent area has low (51-100 mm/m) and 20 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 20 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and <1 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands. About 19 per cent area has slightly eroded (e1) and 2 per cent area has moderately eroded (e2) lands. About 3 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 18 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dSm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in about one per cent and about 20 per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%). About 11 per cent area is low (<23 kg/ha), 7 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high in available phosphorus. Major area of about 20 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about one per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha) Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 16 per cent and 4 per cent area is medium in available sulphur. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 17 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent of the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in all the soils. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and sufficient in 17 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 72 (12) 47(9) Guava 96(16) 10(2) Maize 100 (17) 3 (1) Banana 94(16) 25(5) Red gram 94(16) 25(5) Jackfruit 94(16) 10(2) Horsegram 94(16) 25(5) Jamun 94(16) 26(5) Fieldbean 94(16) 25(5) Musambi 94(16) 26(5) Groundnut - 103 (18) Lime 94(16) 26(5) Sunflower 56(10) 61(11) Cashew 94(16) 10(2) Cotton 72(12) 3(1) Custard apple 94(16) 26(5) Onion 94(16) 25(5) Amla 94(16) 26(5) Potato 94(16) 9(2) Tamarind 94(16) 26(5) Beans 94(16) 25(5) Marigold 94(16) 25(5) Beetroot 94(16) 9(2) Chrysanthemum 94(16) 25(5) Mango 96(16) 10(2) Turmeric 94(16) 9(2) Sapota 96(16) 10(2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopalagiri Colony-2 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11042’ – 11044’ North latitudes and 76034’ – 76036’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 576 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Honnegaudanahalli, Hangala and Hosalhalli villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopalagiri Colony-2 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators Male and female ratio is 49 to 51 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.1 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 75.6 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among the all sample households. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all households. About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. About 20.0 percent of farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among the all sample households. Institutional participation is only 10.2 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators The average land holding is 0.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 63.9 % and irrigated land is 36.1 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 73.4 per cent followed by the agriculture is the main and government service is subsidiary occupation of 2.1 percent of the sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.59791 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 129479 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19749 per household; all sample household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 731.6 grams (1574.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs 43153 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are above poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1199. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 642 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 76428 per year for the total area of 576.5 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 26640/ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 68252) followed by turmeric (Rs. 52922), maize (Rs. 33910), beans (Rs. 30467), ragi (Rs. 13282), horse gram (Rs. 12725) and groundnut is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3474/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 5592) followed by maize (Rs. 2608) and ragi (Rs. 2223). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs.416385) followed by maize (Rs. 57387), turmeric (Rs. 35812), sunflower (Rs. 30236), horse gram (Rs. 22808), onion (Rs. 20155), groundnut (Rs. 19448) and ragi (Rs. 15092). 3 Economic Land Evaluation The major cropping pattern is maize (27.7 %) followed by sunflower (25.4 %), turmeric (14.8 %), horse gram (11.4 %), ragi (10.3 %), groundnut (5.1 %) and onion (5.0 %), In Gopalagiri colony-2 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of Annurkeri (ARK) soils are very deep and well drained soil depth covered around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize. Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soils are very deep and well drained soil depth cover around 7.7 % of area; the crops are maize (32.6%), ragi (32.6 %) and sunflower (34.6 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soils are very deep and moderately well drained, soil depth covered 2.7 % of areas, crop are beans (8.2 %), groundnut (6.7%), horse gram (6.3%), maize (20.9%), onion (6.3%), ragi (6.3%), sunflower (25.8 %) and turmeric (19.0%). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 39630/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 2.02) and Rs.27088/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.36). In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.38023/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs.30398/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.32). In ragi the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.21275/ha (with BCR of 1.87), and Rs.20086/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.84). In beans the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 25108/ha (with BCR of 2.40). In groundnut the cost of cultivation in BMB soil Rs. 39793/ha (with BCR of 1.02). In horse gram cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.16915/ha (with BCR of 1.75). In onion the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 79948/ha (with BCR of 1.85) and turmeric the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.106172/ha (with BCR of 1.51). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4 By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (38.0 to 55.3 %), groundnut (59.1 %), horse gram (24.1 %), onion (69.6 %), ragi (59.5 %), sunflower (45.5 %) and turmeric (7.2 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.97 & 30. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43838 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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