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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT MUNDRAGI -2 (4D5B1H2d) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Mundragi-2 (4D5B1H2d) Microwatershed, Yadgir Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.275, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.135 & 31. |
Series/Report no.: | 275; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Mundragi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 834 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 579 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 28 ha by rock outcrops and about 227 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 50 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 20 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm). About 34 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 35 per cent clayey soils. About 69 per cent area is non gravelly (<15%) and <1 per cent is gravelly (15- 35%). About 35 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 19 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area very low (<50 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 19% soils are nearly level (0-1%) and 51% area of microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 19 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 51 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded. An area of about 44 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction and 25 per cent soils are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 59 per cent medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon content and 10 per cent high (>0.75). About 12 per cent area is low (<23kg/ha), 39 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 19 per cent area is high in available phosphorus (>57 kg/ha). About an area of <1 per cent is low (145 kg/ha), 58 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 12% high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 57 per cent and medium (10 -20 ppm) in 12 per cent. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area 69% and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in < 1% of microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 245(29) 253(30) Guava - 125(15) Maize - 497(60) Sapota - 125(15) Bajra - 497(60) Pomegranate - 415(50) Groundnut - 125(15) Musambi 127(15) 288(35) Sunflower 35(4) 379(46) Lime 127(15) 288(35) Redgram - 415(50) Amla 201(24) 297(36) Bengal gram 290(35) 129(15) Cashew - - Cotton 235(28) 184(22) Jackfruit - 125(15) Chilli - 453(54) Jamun - 336(40) Tomato - 243(29) Custard apple 415(50) 83(10) Brinjal 256(31) 242(29) Tamarind - 336(40) Onion 180(22) 238(29) Mulberry - 125(15) Bhendi 335(40) 163(20) Marigold - 498(60) Drumstick - 415(50) Chrysanthemum - 498(60) Mango - 46(6) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Mundragi-2 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 16 (45.71%) were marginal farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were small farmers and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 97 (59.88 %) men and 65 (40.12 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.8, marginal farmers’ was 4.75, small farmers’ was 3.87, semi medium farmers’ was 5.66 and medium farmers’ was 4.66. The data indicated that, 32 (19.75 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (41.36 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (29.63 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (9.26 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Mundragi-2 had 49.38 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent of them had functional illiterate, 20.99 per cent of them had primary school, 2.47 per cent of them had middle school and degree education, 15.43 per cent of them had high school education and 4.94 per cent of them had PUC and Degree education. The results indicate that, 54.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 40 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were general labour and housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.72 per cent of the household members, 26.54 per cent were agricultural labourers, 4.32 per cent were in general labour, 1.85 per cent were private service, 24.07 per cent were students, 15.08 per cent were housewives and 1.23 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 80 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.29 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,000, mixer/grinder was Rs.2000, bicycle was Rs. 2,071, motor cycle was Rs. 42,437 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,197. About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Tractor, 22.86 per cent of them possess plough and 31.43 per cent of them possess weeder. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 1,625, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500 and the average value of Tractor was Rs. 300,000. The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow, Buffalo and Goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.30, average hired labour (men) available was 11.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Mundragi-2 micro-watershed possess 25.37 ha (69.13 %) of dry land and 11.33 ha (30.87 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.38 ha (87.35 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (12.65 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.58 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.41 ha (81.66 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (18.34 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.90 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 543,723.16 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 405,785.71. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,144,022.94 for dry land, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 6,175,000.14 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 1,976,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 563,926.94 for dry land and Rs. 1,146,413.50 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 350,643.78 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed and 6 De-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 21.68 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.21 ha, 1.21 ha and 8.91 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Cotton (15.55 ha), red gram (6.7 ha), groundnut (6.15 ha), Sorghum (3.79 ha) and paddy (1.62 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Cotton, Sorghum, red gram, Groundnut, paddy and green gram. Small farmers have grown Cotton, red gram and green gram. Semi medium farmers have grown Cotton, Sorghum and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown Cotton, paddy and groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Mundragi-2 micro-watershed was found to be 84.26 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 58150.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60100.99. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 1950.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.03. 3 The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 19673.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45449. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 25775.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.31. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 106251.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44707. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -61544.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.42. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 90743.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58269.75. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -32474.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.64. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 71750.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43499.44. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -28250.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.61. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 31515.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53887.66. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 22372.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.71. The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 75,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 94,615, for small farmers it was Rs. 88,225, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 94,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 182,666.67. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,431.85. For landless households it was Rs. 13,250, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 8,043.62, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,687.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 24,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 47,222.22. The results indicate that, households have planted 65 neem and 5 Acacia and 2 Banyan trees in their field and also 10 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,857.14 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,085.71 for Irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,885.71 for improved crop production, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,428.57 for Improved livestock management and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 857.14 for Orchard development/ maintenance. The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 25.71 per cent each for land development and improved crop production, for 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility, for 2.86 per cent each for improved livestock management and orchard development or maintenance. Own funds was the source of additional 4 investment for 2.86 per cent each for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production. The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 98.3 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 90.91 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 92.94 per cent, Sorghum was sold to the extent of 98.7 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 90.48 per cent and red gram to the extent of 94.74 per cent. The results indicated that, about 85.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.43 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 5.71 per cent, Vegetables were adequate for 37.14 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent and Meat were adequate for 97.14 per cent. The results indicated that, Vegetables were inadequate for 62.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 91.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households and Egg were inadequate for 2.86 per cent. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were the constraints experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water and High rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households and Low price for the agricultural commodities (2.86 %) |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.135 & 31. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43936 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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275. Mundragi-2 (4D5B1H2d).pdf | 18.57 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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