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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEVARAPALLI-2 (4D5B4J1b) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Devarapalli-2 (4D5B4J1b) Microwatershed, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS &LUP Sujala MWS Publ.400, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.127 & 28. |
Series/Report no.: | 400; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Devarapalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 554 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 343 ha (62%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 204 ha (37%) covered by rock outcrops and others covers an area of 8 ha (1%) in the microwatershed. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 343 ha (62%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 10 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75 -100 cm), 34 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 18 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed. About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 45 percent soils are loamy and 10 per cent soils clayey at the surface. An area of 29 per cent soils are non gravelly (<15%) and about 33 per cent soils are gravelly (15-35%) in the microwatershed. About 44 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 18 per cent area is very low (<50 mm/m) available water capacity. Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has moderately (e2) eroded lands. About <1 per cent soil are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0) and 61 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominately <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. An area of about 30 per cent is high (>0.75%) and 32 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of 1 percent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and about 41 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 20 percent is low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 3 percent is high (>337kg/ha), about 30 percent is medium (145- 337 kg/ha) and 29 percent is low (<145 kg/ha) in available potassium. An area of about <1 percent is high (>20ppm), 20 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 42 percent area is low (<10ppm) in available sulphur Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 13 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) covering maximum area of about 49 per cent soils Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5ppm) in an area of about 59 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in an area of about 3 per cent in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(3) 226(41) Guava - 55(10) Maize 55(10) 188(34) Sapota - 55(10) Bajra 55(10) 187(34) Pomegranate - 55(10) Groundnut 38(7) 72(13) Musambi - 55(10) Sunflower - 54(10) Lime - 55(10) Redgram - 54(10) Amla 55(10) 187(34) Bengal gram - - Cashew - 16(3) Cotton - 148(27) Jackfruit - 55(10) Chilli 55(10) 188(34) Jamun - - Tomato 55(10) 188(34) Custard apple 55(10) 187(34) Brinjal 55(10) 188(34) Tamarind - - Onion 55(10) 188(34) Mulberry - 55(10) Bhendi 55(10) 188(34) Marigold 55(10) 188(34) Drumstick - 55(10) Chrysanthemum 55(10) 188(34) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 83 (47.7%) men and 91 (52.30%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.8, marginal farmers’ was 5.13, small farmers’ was 5.09 and semi medium farmers’ was 4. The data indicated that, 30 (17.24%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (47.70%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.74 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (6.32 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Devarapalli-2 had 62.07 per cent illiterates, 16.09 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.87 per cent of them had middle school education, 9.77 per cent of them had high school education, 2.30 per cent of them had PUC education and 4.6 per cent them possess degree education. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 16.67 per cent of the household members, 63.79 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.57 per cent were in private service, 16.09 per cent were students and 1.72 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.86 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.29 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent of them possess computer/laptop. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,944, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,416, motor cycle was Rs. 46,666, mobile phone was Rs. 2,882 and computer/ laptop was Rs. 25,500. About 5.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough, 17.14 per cent of them possess sprayer, 25.71 per cent of them possess weeder and 14.29 per cent of them possess harvester. The result shows that, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 1,550, sprayer was Rs. 8,333, weeder was Rs. 68 and harvester was Rs. 1,022. The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, average own labour (women) available was 1.64, average hired labour (men) available was 5.34 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.47. 2 The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Devarapalli-2 micro-watershed possess 31.55 ha (100%) of dry. Marginal farmers possess 10.64 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.44 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (100 %) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 367,521.81. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 563,926.94 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 304,596.41 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 185,250 for dry land. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (1.49 ha), red gram (24.08 ha) and sorghum (0.40 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Devarapalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 71.43 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative and grameena bank. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in microwatershed was Rs, 19,960. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 40 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from high rate of interest. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 59533.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39102.03. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -20431.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.66. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 28727.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46849.73. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 18121.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.63. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 29383.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69866.19. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 40482.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.38. The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. 3 The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 20,833.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,893.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 102,181.82 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 173,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,508.83. For landless households it was Rs. 3,166.67, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,015.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,779.61 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,779.61. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut and 2 mango trees in their field and also 2 coconut guava trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 31 eucalyptus, 2 teak and pongamia, 20 neem, 6 tamarind and 1 pongamia trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 371.43 for land development and Rs. 57.14 for improved crop production. The results indicated that asset selling was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and improved crop production. The results indicated that, cotton and sorghum was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 95.33 per cent. The results indicated that, about 31.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 51.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart and truck, 77.14 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 42.86 per cent and 54.29 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.43 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 60 per cent, 4 vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 45.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 11.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 20 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, oilseed was inadequate for 40 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were inadequate for 74.29 per cent, egg were inadequate for 80 per cent and meat were inadequate for 97.14 per cent. The results indicated that, vegetables were market surplus for 2.86 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (74.29%), Inadequacy of irrigation water and high rate of interest on credit (20%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemical (48.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.86%), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agril produce to the market (31.43%), less rainfall (42.86%) and source of agri-technology information (34.29%) |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.127 & 28 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44020 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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