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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT RAGHUNATHANAHALLI WEST-3 (4D4A2M4a) MICROWATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Ragunathanahalli West-3 (4D4A2M4a) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli , Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ .364, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.133 & 41. |
Series/Report no.: | Not Available; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Raghunathahalli West-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 384 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 4 per cent of the soils are very shallow (<25 cm), 41 per cent of the soils are shallow (50-75 cm), 2 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 21 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 30 per cent area has deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils. Entire area of about 99 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 33 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 30 per cent has gravelly (15-35 % gravel) and 35 per cent has very gravelly (35-60%) soils. About 4 per cent are very low (<50 mm/m), 43 per cent low (51-100 mm/m), 21 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 30 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 89 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 10 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands. Entire area of about 99 per cent has soils that are moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 48 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 51 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is <2 dS m-1 and as such the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in about 72 per cent and 26 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in the entire area of about 99 per cent in the microwatershed. About 1 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 98 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is medium in about 66 per cent area and high (>320 ppm) in 33 per cent soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 83 per cent area, 14 per cent are medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and 1 per cent area is high (>1.0 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 97 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 1 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of about 99 per cent soils. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 74 (19) 129 (34) Sapota - - Maize - 202 (53) Pomegranate - 196 (51) Bajra - 202 (53) Musambi 74 (19) 122 (32) Groundnut - - Lime 74 (19) 122 (32) Sunflower 74 (19) 122 (32) Amla - 203 (53) Red gram - 116 (30) Cashew - - Bengalgram 74 (19) 129 (34) Jackfruit - - Cotton 74 (19) 129 (34) Jamun - 117 (30) Chilli - - Custard apple 74 (19) 129 (34) Tomato - - Tamarind - 116 (30) Brinjal - 203 (53) Mulberry - 196 (51) Onion - - Marigold - 203 (53) Bhendi - 203 (53) Chrysanthemum - 203 (53) Drumstick - 196 (51) Jasmine - 7 (2) Mango - 41 (11) Crossandra - 119 (31) Guava - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 121 (56.28%) men and 94 (43.72%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.8, marginal farmers’ was 4.9, small farmers’ was 4.2, semi medium farmers’ was 4.25 and large farmers’ was 5. The data indicated that, 43 (20%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (38.60%) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (29.77%) were in 36-60 years of age and 25 (11.63%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Raghunathanahalli west-3 had 17.67 per cent illiterates, 0.93 per cent were functional literates, 26.98 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.05 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.86 per cent of them had high school education, 12.09 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.47 per cent had diploma, 2.79 per cent of them did ITI, 4.19 per cent of them had degree education and 1.86 per cent did masters. The results indicate that, 22.92 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 72.92 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 4.17 per cent were general labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 14.88 per cent of the household members, 49.77 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.86 per cent of the households general laborers, 0.47 per cent of the households were in government service, 5.12 per cent were in private service, 22.33 per cent were students and 4.65 per cent were children. The results show that 98.60 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions, 0.93 per cent of the population participated in gram panchayat and 0.47 per cent participated in raitha sangha. The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 85.42 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 2.08 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 4.17 per cent possessed semi pucca house. The results show that 93.75 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.33 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 12.50 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 39.58 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 93.75 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8066, mixer grinder was Rs.1950, bicycle was Rs. 1183, motor cycle was Rs.32000 and mobile phone was Rs.2449. About 6.25 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 4.17 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.08 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 2.08 per cent of them possess tractor, 4.17 per cent of them possess sprayer, 20.83 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.08 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17666, the average value of plough was Rs.1500, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2000, the average value of tractor was Rs.200000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2450, the average value of weeder was Rs.43 and the average value of earth remover/duster was Rs.16000. The results indicate that, 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 6.25 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.08 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, buffalo, goat and poultry. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.69, average own labour (women) available was 1.36, average hired labour (men) available was 6.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.16. The results indicate that, 91.67 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Raghunathanahalli west-3 microwatershed possess 72.35 ha (98.57%) of dry land and 1.05 ha (1.43%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 10.89 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 22.62 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 28.72 ha (96.47%) of dry land and 1.05 per cent (3.53%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 10.12 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 230,046.99 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 570,000.02. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 440,579.71 for dry land. In case of small famers it was Rs. 256,324.93. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 189,678.74 for dry land and Rs. 570,000.02 for irrigated land and in case of large farmers it was Rs. 59,280 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 4.17 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.78 meters. The results indicate that, semi medium and large farmers had irrigated area of 1.05 ha and 10.12 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (9.5 ha), bajra (5.34 ha), sunflower (6.73 ha), Bengal gram (12.29 ha), sorghum (13.05 ha), Greengram (1.54 ha), onion (3.34 ha), groundnut (2.43 ha) and wheat (1.76 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, bengalgram, maize, onion, sesamum and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, bengal gram, green gram, onion, sorghum, sunflower and wheat. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, bengal gram, groundnut, maize, onion, sorghum and sunflower. Large farmers have grown bengal gram, sorghum and maize. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raghunathanahalli west-3 microwatershed was found to be 63.84 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 96.28 per cent, small farmers it was 93.51 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 69.21 and in case of large farmers it was 20 per cent. The results indicate that, 37.50 per cent of the households have bank account and 8.33 per cent have savings. The results indicate that, 37.50 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, another 16.67 per cent have availed loan from cooperative bank and 66.67 per cent of the households obtained loan from grameena bank. The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs.83,611. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 88.89 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 5.56 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengalgram was Rs. 22652.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23722.16. The net income from Bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 1069.81, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 30663.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32269.82. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 1606.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 39536.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66690. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27153.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.69. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 25726.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19694.17. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -6032.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.77. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 22831.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47412.41. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 24580.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 29291.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25004.27. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 4286.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.85. 4 The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 19834.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29250. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 9415.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 28636.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 417048.32. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 388411.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:14.56. The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 18627.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79849.14. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. 61221.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.29. The total cost of cultivation for wheat was Rs. 30216. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 137529.60. The net income from wheat cultivation was Rs. 107313.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.55. The results indicate that, 12.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.58 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 23,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 92,785.71, for small farmers it was Rs. 72,100, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 125,333.33 and for large farmers it was Rs. 180,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,392.55. For landless households it was Rs. 6,250, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,076.53, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,292.97, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,152.78 and for large farmers it was Rs. 126,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 68 neem trees, 5 teak and 16 banyan trees in their fields. The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except jowar (96.67%) and maize (97.8%). The results indicated that, about 22.92 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 75 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants, 6.25 per cent have sold their produce to agents/traders and 4.17 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 89.58 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 16.67 per cent have used cart as a mode of transport and 2.08 per cent have head loads of their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 27.08 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 21.43 per cent of the marginal farmers, 31.25 per cent of the small farmers and 41.67 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 62.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test i.e 64.29 per cent of marginal, 75 per cent of small and 75 per cent of semi medium farmers. 5 The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used firewood and 25 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 18.75 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 47.92 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 33.33 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 18.75 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 7.14 per cent of the marginal farmers, 25 per cent of the small farmers, 16.67 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 31.25 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 4.17 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.58 per cent, fruits were adequate for 12.50 per cent, milk was adequate for 87.50 per cent, eggs were adequate for 89.58 per cent and meat was adequate for 10.42 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 6.25 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 89.58 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.42 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.08 per cent, milk was inadequate for 8.33 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 4.17 per cent and meat was inadequate for 83.33 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, pulses were market surplus for 2.08 per cent, oilseeds were market surplus for 6.25 per cent and milk was market surplus for 4.17 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 45.83 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.17%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (66.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (70.83%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (70.83%), high rate of interest on credit (75%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.08%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (70.83%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (22.92%), inadequate extension services (14.58%), less rainfall (12.50%) and source of agri-technology information (10.42%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.133 & 41. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44021 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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364.Raghunathanahalli West-3_(2M4a).pdf | 23.38 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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