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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT NAGARABUNDI-1 (4D5B1M2D) MICROWATERSHED Balichakra Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project. |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for Watershed Planning and Development of Nagarabundi-1 (4D5B1M2d) Microwatershed, Balichakra Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ. 508, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.141 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 508; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Nagarabundi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 581 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 93 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 7 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed. About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are shallow (25-50 cm), <1 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 9 per cent are moderately deep and 82 per cent soils are deep to very deep (100->150 cm) soils in the microwatershed. About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 54 per cent are loamy soils and 35 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface. Entire area of about 93 per cent is non gravelly (<15%) soils. About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed is very low (<50 mm/m), 19 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 72 per cent soils are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 57 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 36 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) soils. An area of about 36 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 57 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and <1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed. About an area of 20 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 24 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 32 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 14 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 3 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. An area of about 13 per cent is low (<0.50%), 74 per cent is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 6 per cent is high (>0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of 3 percent is low (<23 kg/ha), 54 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 36 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 88 per cent is is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 5 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Entire area is low (<10 ppm) in available sulphur content of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 39 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in about 54 per cent soils. Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 73 per cent and 20 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 38 (6) 218 (38) Guava - 54 (9) Maize 54 (9) 202 (35) Sapota - 54 (9) Bajra 54 (9) 202 (35) Pomegranate - 76 (13) Groundnut 38 (7) 16 (3) Musambi 22 (4) 54 (9) Sunflower 22 (4) 54 (9) Lime 22 (4) 54 (9) Redgram - 256 (44) Amla 54 (9) 22 (4) Bengal gram 22 (4) - Cashew - 48 (8) Cotton 22 (4) 16 (3) Jackfruit - 54 (9) Chilli 54 (9) 22 (4) Jamun - 22 (4) Tomato 54 (9) 0.2 (<1) Custard apple 75 (13) 0.2 (<1) Brinjal 54 (9) 0.2 (<1) Tamarind - 22 (4) Onion 54 (9) 0.2 (<1) Mulberry - 54 (9) Bhendi 54 (9) 22 (4) Marigold 54 (9) 22 (4) Drumstick - 76 (13) Chrysanthemum 54 (9) 22 (4) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 38 farmers were sampled in Nagarabundi-1 micro-watershed among them 2 (5.26 %) were landless, 6 (15.79 %) were marginal farmers, 16 (42.11 %) were small farmers, 8 (21.05 %) semi medium farmers, 3 (7.89 %) were medium farmers and 3 (7.89 %) were large farmers. The data indicated that there were 132 (67.35 %) men and 64 (32.65 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless was 4.5, marginal farmers’ was 4.83, small farmers’ was 5.06, semi medium farmers’ was 5.25, medium farmers’ was 6.33 and large farmers’ was 5.33. The data indicated that, 36 (18.37 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (42.35 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 62 (31.63 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.65 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Nagarabundi-1had 52.04 per cent illiterates, 18.37 per cent of them had primary school, 3.06 per cent of them had middle school, 10.71 per cent of them had high school education, 6.63 per cent of them had PUC, 0.51 per cent of them had ITI and Masters and 4.59 per cent of them had Degree education. The results indicate that, 44.74 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 50 per cent of household heads were practicing agricultural labourers and 5.26 per cent of household heads were Housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 27.55 per cent of the household members, 37.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 4.08 per cent were private service, 20.41 per cent were students, 7.65 per cent were housewives and 2.55 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any institutions. The results indicate that, 10.53 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 71.05 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 5.26 per cent of the households possess Semi pacca house and 13.16 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house. The results show that 92.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 47.37 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 36.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.63 per cent of the households possess Auto and Landline Phone and 94.74 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,085, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,785, motor cycle was Rs. 56,500, Landline Phone was Rs. 5,000, Auto was Rs. 50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,044. About 5.26 per cent each of the households possess Bullock Cart, Power Tiller, Tractor, Thresher and Seed/Fertilizer Drill, 36.84 per cent of the households possess 2 plough, 15.79 per cent of the households possess Sprayer, 7.89 per cent of the households possess Sprinkler and 73.68 per cent of them possess weeder. The result shows that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,000, plough was Rs. 1,846, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 7,000, Power Tiller was Rs. 44,000, Tractor was Rs. 700,000, Sprayer was Rs. 4,000, Harvester was Rs. 180, Thresher was Rs. 180 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 238. The results indicate that, 28.95 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.05 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.63 per cent each of the households possess Buffalo, Sheep and Goat and 15.79 per cent of the households possess Buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.14, average own labour (women) available was 1.42, average hired labour (men) available was 12.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.83. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1.67, average hired labour (men) was 9.17 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.33. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.19, average own labour (women) was 1.38, average hired labour (men) was 11.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.63. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.13, average hired labour (men) was 9.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.88. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.67 and average own labour (women) was 1.67, average hired labour (men) was 25 and average hired labour (women) available was 25. In case of large farmers, average own labour men available was 3 and average own labour (women) was 1.67, average hired labour (men) was 16.67 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.33. The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Nagarabundi-1 micro-watershed possess 197.61 ha (87.49 %) of dry land, 22.70 ha (10.05 %) of irrigated land and 5.56 ha (2.46 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 3.42 ha (89.43 %) of dry land and 0.40 ha (10.57 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 18.45 ha (84.42 %) of dry land, 2.59 ha (11.87 %) of irrigated land and 0.81 ha (3.70 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Semi medium farmers possess 1.62 ha (12.73 %) of dry land and 10.19 ha (80.14 %) of irrigated land and 0.91 ha (7.13 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (45.83 %) of dry land and 3.84 ha (39.58 %) of irrigated land, 1.42 ha (14.58 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Large farmers possess 169.67 ha (95.45 %) of dry land and 5.67 ha (3.19 %) of irrigated land and 2.43 ha (1.37 %) of Permanent Fallow land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 56,149.01, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 378,712.78 and the average value of Permanent 3 Fallow land was Rs. 215,720.52. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 671,513 for dry land and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,729,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 341,399.74 for dry land, Rs. 809,204.36 for irrigated land and Rs. 370,500 for Permanent Fallow land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land, Rs. 421,803.02 for irrigated land and Rs. 330,803.57 for Permanent Fallow land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 89,818.18 for dry land, Rs. 260,000 for irrigated land and Rs. 211,714.29 for Permanent Fallow land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 10,015.50 for dry land, Rs. 88,214.29 for irrigated land and Rs. 123,500 for Permanent Fallow land. The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 36.84 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 39.30 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 1.30 ha, 2.60 ha, 10.19 ha, 3.85 ha and 3.24 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (46.12 ha), groundnut (2.11 ha), Green gram (0.40 ha), Red gram (1.64 ha), Paddy (1.98 ha) and Sorghum (8.10 ha). Marginal farmers have grown sorghum, cotton, paddy and groundnut. Small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, cotton, paddy and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown groundnut and paddy. Large farmers have grown cotton. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nagarabundi-1 micro-watershed was found to be 94.53 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 32265.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57132.43. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 24867.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.77. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 20027.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50480.63. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 30453.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.52. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 63432.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61465.57. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -1967.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.97. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 99082.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89577.69. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -9504.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.9. 4 The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 16386.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35215.84. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 18829.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.15. The results indicate that, 42.11 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 20,000 for landless, Rs. 89,673.33 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 96,687.50, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 138,110, medium farmers it was Rs. 168,500 and large farmers it was Rs. 275,573.33. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 16,398.84. For landless it was Rs. 6,000, marginal farmers it was Rs. 10,277.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,127.60, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,589.29, medium farmers it was Rs. 36,833.33 and large farmers it was Rs. 50,744.44. The results indicate that, households have planted 32 Mango, 4 Lemon and 6 coconut trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 9 Tamarind, 109 Neem, 4 Acacia and 10 Banyan trees in their field and 1 Neem tree in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10,500 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,078.95 for Irrigation facility and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,026.32 for improved crop production. The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.63 per cent for land development and irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 34.21 per cent for land development, 10.53 per cent for irrigation facility and 28.95 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.63 per cent for land development and irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.63 per cent for land development and irrigation facility. The results indicated that, cotton and Sorghum were sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 92.31 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 94.0 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 91.67 per cent and Green gram was sold to the extent of 66.67 per cent. The results indicated that, about 7.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders, 86.84 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 5.26 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Regulated Market. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 63.16 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 84.21 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 5 The results indicated that, 84.21 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 15.79 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 42.11 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 86.84 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and Milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Pulses were adequate for 60.53 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 92.11 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 13.16 per cent, Egg was adequate for 94.74 per cent and Meat was adequate for 92.11 per cent. The results indicated that, Pulses were inadequate for 39.47 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 7.89 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 86.84 per cent and Meat was inadequate for 2.63 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 81.58 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (28.95 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.05 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (39.47 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (81.58 %), High rate of interest on credit (63.16 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (42.11 %), Inadequate extension services, Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (5.26 %), Less rainfall (7.89 %) and Low price for the agricultural commodities (52.63 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.141 & 35. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru. |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44029 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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