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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HYATI-3 (4D4A1Y2c) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Hyati-3 (4D4A1Y2c) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.428, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.139 & 33. |
Series/Report no.: | 428; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Hyati-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 313 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 34 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 13 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm), 6 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 19 per cent area has very deep (>150 cm) soils. An area of about 3 per cent soils has sandy soils, 56 per cent has loamy soils and 14 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 37 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 10 per cent has gravelly (15-35% gravel) and 25 per cent has very gravelly (35-60%) soils. About 34 per cent are very low (<50 mm/m), 13 per cent low (51-100 mm/m), 7 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 19 per cent high (151-200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 7 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 65 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 42 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 30 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about <1 per cent are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 20 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) and 53 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is <2 dS m-1 and as such the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in 4 per cent, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 11 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 57 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 1 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in about 71 per cent in the microwatershed. About 9 per cent of the soils are low (<145 kg/ha), 38 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 25 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 28 per cent and medium (10-20 ppm) in 44 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 56 per cent and 17 per cent are medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 57 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 15 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 65 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 72 (23) 98 (31) Sapota 85 (27) 18 (6) Maize 12 (4) 157 (50) Pomegranate 85 (27) 18 (6) Bajra 86 (27) 125 (40) Musambi 85 (27) 18 (6) Groundnut 59 (19) 135 (43) Lime 85 (27) 18 (6) Sunflower 71 (23) 23 (7) Amla 94 (30) 131 (42) Red gram 71 (23) 23 (7) Cashew 59 (19) 44 (14) Bengalgram - 201 (64) Jackfruit 85 (27) 18 (6) Cotton 71 (23) 98 (31) Jamun 71 (23) 32 (10) Chilli 72 (23) 98 (31) Custard apple 94 (30) 131 (42) Tomato 72 (23) 98 (31) Tamarind 71 (23) 14 (4) Brinjal 23 (7) 98 (31) Mulberry 85 (27) 34 (11) Onion - 120 (39) Marigold 71 (23) 98 (31) Bhendi - 120 (39) Chrysanthemum 71 (23) 98 (31) Drumstick 85 (27) 24 (8) Jasmine 71 (23) 98 (31) Mango 71 (23) 14 (4) Crossandra 71 (23) 98 (31) Guava 59 (19) 44 (14) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 86 (55.13%) men and 70 (44.87%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 3.8, marginal farmers’ and small farmers’ was 4.5, semi medium farmers’ was 5.5 and medium farmers’ was 3.5. The data indicated that, 29 (18.59%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 57 (36.54%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (32.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (12.82%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hyati-3 had 28.21 per cent illiterates, 0.64 per cent functional literate, 25.64 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.13 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.31 per cent of them had high school education, 10.26 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.92 per cent of them did ITI, 4.49 per cent of them had degree and 1.28 per cent of them had masters level education. The results indicate that, 50 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and agricultural labour and 2.94 per cent of the household heads were horticulture industry. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 40.38 per cent of the household members, 31.41 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.64 per cent were household industry, 1.28 per cent were private service, 21.15 per cent were students, 1.92 per cent were housewives and 3.21 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV and mobile phones, 67.65 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 23.53 per cent of them possess bicycle, 32.35 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 2.94 per cent of them possess landline phone. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,387, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,339, bicycle was 2,150, motor cycle was Rs. 39,618 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,652. About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 38.24 per cent of them possess plough, 8.82 per cent of them possess tractor and earth remover/duster, 14.71 per cent of them possess sprayer, 85.29 per cent of them possess weeder, 11.76 per cent of them possess harvester. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20,000, plough was Rs. 1,238, tractor was Rs.300,000, sprayer was Rs.52,000, weeder was Rs. 56, harvester was Rs. 18,650 and earth remover/duster was Rs. 91. 2 The results indicate that, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 14.71 per cent of the households possess local cow and crossbreed cow. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 16.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.80. The results indicate that 85.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hyati-3 micro-watershed possess 10.3 ha (32.61%) of dry land and 21.28 ha (67.39 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.11 ha (53.66%) of dry land and 1.82 ha (46.34%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 8.19 ha (69.73%) of dry land and 3.55 ha (30.27%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.42 (100%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.48 ha (100%) irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 398,073.90 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 629,598.63. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 568,905.95 for dry land and Rs. 1,591,777.74 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 354,078.10 for dry land and Rs. 900,227.78 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers Rs. 507,474.32 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 334,990.96 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 58.82 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 62.81 meters. The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.82 ha, 3.35 ha, 13.17 ha and 4.48 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (15.75 ha), sugar cane (9.74 ha), bajra (2.72 ha), paddy (2.17 ha), Bengal gram (1.73 ha) and banana (1.01 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize and sugarcane. Small farmers had groundnut, maize, sugarcane and bajra. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, sugarcane, Bengal gram and banana. Medium farmers had grown sugarcane and paddy. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hyati-3 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Banana was Rs. 98826.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 469300.00. The net income from Banana cultivation was Rs. 370473.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.75. 3 The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 35444.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58254.25. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 22809.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64. The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 20370.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42579.85. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 22209.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.09. The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 18360.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37197.18. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 18836.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.03. The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 33598.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49485.17. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 15887.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47. The total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 63150.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 765490.94. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 702340.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:12.12. The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and 29.41 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 28,166.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs 53,307.14, for small farmers it was Rs. 134,185.45, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 279,600 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 275,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,288.05. For landless households it was Rs. 2,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs.5,102.04, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,086.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 19,140.63 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 64,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 46 coconut trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 45 teak, 55 neem, 1 tamarind, 2 acacia and 3 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,971.47 for land development and Rs. 2,470.59 for improved crop production. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 41.18 per cent for land development and 38.24 per cent for improved crop production. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 67.53 per cent, banana was sold to the extent of 95per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 50 per cent chilly, maize was sold to the extent of 99.71 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 40 per cent and sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 8.82 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agents/traders, 52.94 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village 4 merchants, 17.65 per cent of them sold their produce to regulated market and 2.94 per cent of them sold their produce to cooperative marketing society and contract marketing arrangement. The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households used cart and truck and 73.53 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 38.24 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.76 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 85.29 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 14.71 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 29.41 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.06 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 85.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 26.47 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.76 per cent, milk were adequate for 82.35 per cent, egg were adequate for 73.53 per cent and meat were adequate for 70.59 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.94 per cent, pulses and egg were inadequate for 17.65, oilseeds were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 70.59 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, milk were inadequate for 11.76 per cent and meat were inadequate for 20.59 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 14.71 per cent and milk were market surplus for 5.88 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 64.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (61.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (67.65%), inadequacy of irrigation water(67.65%), high rate of interest on credit (58.82%), low price for the agricultural commodities and inadequate extension services (5.88%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market and less rainfall (20.59%) and Source of Agri-technology information (8.82%), |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.139 & 33. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44065 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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428.Hyati-3_(4D4A1Y2c).pdf | 14.02 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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