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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BUDAR (4D5B6F1a) MICROWATERSHED Gurumitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Budar (4D2D6F1a) Microwatershed, Gurmitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.334, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.129 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 334; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Budar Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 646 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 634 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 11 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 69 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (<25 to 50 cm), 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 27 per cent area are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm). About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 25 per cent area loamy and 66 per cent clayey soils at the surface. Maximum of 63 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (<15%) and 36 per cent is gravelly (15-35%). About 27 per cent area very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 69 per cent area very low (<50 mm/m) in available water capacity. Maximum of 95 per cent area in the microwatershed is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 3 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 3 per cent area in the microwatershed is slightly (e1) eroded, 88 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 7 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded lands. An area of about 72 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction and 26 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. Entire area of the microwatershed is high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. 14 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 34 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 per cent area is low (<23 kg/ha). About 45 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 53 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 23 per cent and medium (10 - 20 ppm) in 75 per cent. Available boron is low (>0.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. About 71 per cent area is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc and 27 per cent is sufficient (>0.6 ppm). The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 187(29) Guava - - Maize - 187(29) Sapota - - Bajra - 187(29) Pomegranate - 172(27) Groundnut - 15(2) Musambi - 172(27) Sunflower - 172(27) Lime - 172(27) Redgram - 172(27) Amla - 15(2) Bengal gram - 172(27) Cashew - - Cotton - 172(27) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 187(29) Jamun - - Tomato - 15(2) Custard apple - 187(29) Brinjal - 15(2) Tamarind - - Onion - 15(2) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 187(29) Marigold - 187(29) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 187(29) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 44 farmers were sampled in Budar micro-watershed among them 6 (13.64 %) were landless, 16 (36.36 %) were marginal farmers, 11 (25 %) were small farmers, 10 (22.73 %) were semi medium farmers and 1 (2.27 %) were medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 122 (54.46 %) men and 102 (45.54 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.16, marginal farmers’ was 5.06, small farmers’ was 5.81, semi medium farmers’ was 5.1 and medium farmers’ was 3. The data indicated that, 48 (21.43 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 92 (41.07 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 68 (30.36 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (7.14 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Budar had 49.55 per cent illiterates, 15.18 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.23 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.95 per cent of them had high school education, 6.25 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.45 per cent had diploma education, 0.89 per cent had ITI education, 6.70 per cent of them had degree education and 0.45 per cent of them had Masters education. The results indicate that, 72.73 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 27.27 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.29 per cent of the household members, 22.77 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.57 per cent were general laborers, 0.45 per cent were Household industry, 0.45 per cent were Government Service, 3.57 per cent were in private service, 19.20 per cent were students, 5.36 per cent were housewives and 5.36 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any institutions. The results indicate that 88.64 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 11.36 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 97.73 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.64 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.27 per cent of them possess Bicycle, 36.36 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.27 per cent of them possess Landline Phone and 95.45 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,879, mixer/grinder was Rs.2,352, Bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 39,125, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,349. About 22.73 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.73 per cent of them possess plough, 2.27 per cent each of them possess Transplanter/Grinder and 2 sprayer, 20.45 per cent of them possess Weeder, 2.27 per cent of them possess Harvester and 4.55 per cent of them possess Chaff Cutter. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 32,000, plough was Rs. 3,153, Transplanter/Grinder was Rs. 15,000, Sprayer was Rs. 4,000, Weeder was Rs. 40, Harvester was Rs. 100 and Chaff Cutter Rs. 150. The results indicate that, 18.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 6.82 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.27per cent of the households possess buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 9.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.42. The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 20.45 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Budar micro-watershed possess 49.59 ha (95.15 %) of dry land and 2.53 ha (4.85 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 10.62 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.67 ha (96.43 %) of dry land and 0.51 ha (3.57 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 25.29 ha (100 %) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100 %) of irrigated. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 334,829.84 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 474,240. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 715,123.81 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 373,644.17 for dry land and Rs. 1,383,200 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 154,128 for dry land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for Irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and 1 De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 4.55 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 1.25 meters. The data regarding the irrigated area (ha) in Budar micro-watershed is presented in Table 21. The results indicate that small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.51 ha and 2.02 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (2.02 ha), sorghum (6.07 ha), paddy (2.02 ha), Bengal gram (2.11 ha), Greengram (0.15 ha) and red gram (39.58 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Greengram, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown Bengal gram, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown paddy. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Budar micro-watershed was found to be 93.04 per cent. The results indicate that, 56.82 per cent of the households have bank account and 27.27 per cent of the households have Savings. The results indicate that, 56.82 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 29827.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58228.97. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 28401.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.95. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 28970.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40755. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 11784.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.41. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 21637.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50388. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 28750.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.33. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 16155.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 13199.06. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -2956.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.82. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 78421.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 233648.65. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 155226.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.98. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 14664.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23750. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 9085.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.62. The results indicate that, 22.73 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 4.55 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 70,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,068.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 94,045.45, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 162,850 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 142,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,387.31. For landless households it was Rs. 12,333.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,605.21, 4 for small farmers it was Rs. 4,490.36, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,596.43 and medium farmers it was Rs. 60,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 Coconut, 30 Custard apple and 18 mango trees in their field and also 2 coconut trees in their back yard. The results indicate that, households have planted 200 banyan, 40 tamarind, 20 Eucalyptus, 6 Teak and 55 neem trees in their field and also 1 each of neem and tamarind trees in their back yard.. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,568.18 for land development, Rs. 2,727.27 for irrigation facility, Rs. 68.18 for improved livestock management, Rs. 886.36 for improved crop production and Rs. 22.73 for Subsidiary enterprises. The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 17.78 per cent for land development. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development, for 22.22 per cent for improved crop production, for 2.22 per cent each for irrigation facility and subsidiary enterprises. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.22 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, Bengalgram, cotton and Greengram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 90 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 95.21 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent. The results indicated that, about 2.27 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders, 61.36 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 25 per cent of them sold in regulated markets. The results indicated that, 86.36 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.27 per cent of the households have used Truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 81.82 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 84.09 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 88.64 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.36 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 93.18 per cent of the households in the micro watershed, Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 6.82 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Canal/Nala was the major source of drinking water for 2.27 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5 The results indicated that, 34.09 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 81.82 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 86.36 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 97.73 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 86.36 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 15.91 per cent, milk was adequate for 81.82 per cent and eggs were adequate for 50 per cent The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 13.64 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 2.27 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.36 per cent, Fruits were inadequate for 81.82 per cent, milk was inadequate for 4.55 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 52.27 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 79.55 per cent of the households, The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.36 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.55 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.27 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75 %), High rate of interest on credit(65.91 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (59.09 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.64 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.129 & 35. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44067 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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334. Budar_(6F1a).pdf | 16.64 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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