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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HORANCHI-1 (4D5B1E1c) MICROWATERSHED Hatthakuni Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Horanchi-1 (4D5B1E1c) Microwatershed, Hatthakuni Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.131 & 33. |
Series/Report no.: | 302; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Horanchi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 460 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 22 ha covered by rock outcrops and 29 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 460 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 29 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) 9 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 1 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 50 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed. About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 47 percent soils are loamy and 24 per cent clayey soils at the surface. Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (<15%) soils. About 29 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 percent soils are medium (51-100), 4 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area is very low (<50 mm/m) available water capacity. About 83 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 7 per cent is gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 83 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 7 percent soils are severely eroded (e3). An area of about 69 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction and about 21 per cent soil are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. An area of about <1% is low (<0.5%) in organic carbon and 89 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content. About 80 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 10 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 7 percent of the soils are low (<145kg/ha) in available potassium and 83 percent soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium. An area of about 64 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 26 per cent area is low (<10 ppm) in available sulphur. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in a maximum area of about 90 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in <1 per cent soils. Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82(16) 87(17) Guava - 11(2) Maize - 198(39) Sapota - 11(2) Bajra - 169(33) Pomegranate - 162(32) Groundnut - 11(2) Musambi 151(29) 11(2) Sunflower 82(16) 80(16) Lime 151(29) 11(2) Redgram - 162(32) Amla - 169(33) Bengal gram 151(29) 18(4) Cashew - - Cotton 82(16) 87(17) Jackfruit - 11(2) Chilli - 169(34) Jamun - 151(29) Tomato - 169(34) Custard apple 162(32) 7(1) Brinjal 52(10) 116(23) Tamarind - 151(29) Onion - 87(17) Mulberry - 11(2) Bhendi 121(24) 48(10) Marigold - 169(33) Drumstick - 162(32) Chrysanthemum - 169(33) Mango - 52(10) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Horanchi-1 is located at 16051’19.293’’ to 160 49’49.293’’ and East longitude 770 8’1.757’’ to 7706’20.417’’ covering an area of about 510.57 ha coming under Horunacha, Venkateshwaranagara and Kanchagarahalli Villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 4 (11.76%) were landless, 11 (32.35%) were marginal and small farmers and 8 (23.53%) were semi medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (52.60%) men and 82 (47.4%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4, marginal farmers’ was 5, small farmers’ was 5.5 and semi medium farmers’ was 5.1. Majority of the respondents 31 (17.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.4%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.9%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.78%) were above 61 years of age. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education. About, 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education. Agriculture was the major occupation for 19.65 per cent of the household members, 58.96 per cent were agricultural labourers, 20.23 per cent were student and 1.16 per cent were children. In this micro watershed, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. In the study area, 17.65 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 58.82 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.12 per cent of the household’s possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 64.71 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 20.59 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 44.12 per cent of the households possess weeder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess harvester and 17.65 per cent of the households possess thresher. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo. The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.85, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average hired labour (men) available was 9.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.2. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 35.06 ha (88.26%) of dry land and 4.67 ha (11.74%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.98 ha (88.66%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (11.34 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.04 ha (82.36%) of dry land and 3.01 ha (17.64 %) of irrigated land. There were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers. The major crops have cotton (4.28%), groundnut (5.83 Ha), horse gram (1.62 ha), maize (5.59 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), red gram (20.25 ha) and sorghum (1.21 ha). The sample households possessed 85.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. About 85.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, maize, Red gram, Horse gram, Sorghum, groundnut and paddy was Rs. 38144.92, 15184.09, 26741.88, 16727.24, 33363.87, 34774.16 and 26182.46 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.6, 1:2.02, 1:1.88, 1:2.21, 1:1.11, 1:2.79 and 1:2.22, respectively. Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income was Rs. 41,250 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,636.36, for small farmers it was Rs. 79,909.09 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 137,750. The average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,695.29. For large farmers it was Rs. 5,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,485.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,044.63 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,600.45. Sampled households have planted 6 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. 3 Households have planted 1 cashew and pongamia, 45 neem, 2 tamarind, 13 banyan and 4 acacia trees in their field to cultivate forest species. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,617.65 for land development, Rs. 441.18 for irrigation facility and Rs.705.88 for improved crop production. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20.59 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility and 14.71 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 29.41 for land development and 2.94 for improved crop production. Regarding marketing channels, 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 61.76 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation. Majority of the households 85.29 per cent have Incidencee of soil and water erosion problems. The household possess, (85.2%) were interested towards soil testing. The household possess, 97.06 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 64.71 per cent and 35.29 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.82 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 26.47 per cent, milk were adequate for 29.41 per cent, egg were adequate were for 11.76 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.71 per cent of the households. pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 55.88 per cent, milk were inadequate for 50 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate for 82.35 per cent of the households. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (35.29%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (17.65%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (32.35%), high rate of interest on credit 4 (8.82%), Low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%),Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (29.41%), inadequate extension service (14.71%), less rainfall (41.18%) and Source of Agri-technology information (32.35%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.131 & 33. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44076 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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