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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BEWANAHALLI (4D5B1F1c) MICROWATERSHED Gurumitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C.,B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C.,B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Bewanahalli (4D5B1F1c) Microwatershed, Gurumitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.329,, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.131 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 329; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Bewanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 505 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 460 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 21 ha by rock outcrops and about 24 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 8 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 10 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 81 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (<25-75 cm). About 27 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 31 per cent loamy soils and 34 per cent clayey soils. About 33 per cent area is non gravelly (<15%) and 58 per cent is gravelly (15- 35%). About 3 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m), 20 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 68 per cent area very low (<50 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 87% area of microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 4% has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands. An area of about 79 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 12 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded. An area of about 81 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction and 10 per cent soil are slightly acidic (pH 6.0 -6.5). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. Entire area of microwatershed has high (>0.75) organic carbon content. About 9 per cent area is low (<23kg/ha) and 82 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About an area of 36 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) and 55 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area 41% and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 50% of microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 11% and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 80% of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(3) 67(13) Guava - 36(7) Maize - 67(13) Sapota - 36(7) Bajra 15(3) 103(20) Pomegranate - 51(10) Groundnut - 36(7) Musambi - 51(10) Sunflower - 15(3) Lime - 51(10) Redgram - 51(10) Amla - 82(16) Bengal gram 15(3) 67(13) Cashew - - Cotton - 82(16) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 118(24) Jamun - 36(7) Tomato - 103(20) Custard apple - 82(16) Brinjal 15(3) 103(20) Tamarind - 36(7) Onion 15(3) 103(20) Mulberry - - Bhendi 15(3) 103(20) Marigold - 118(23) Drumstick - 51(10) Chrysanthemum - 118(23) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 104 (57.78%) men and 76 (42.22%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.4, marginal farmers’ was 5.07, small farmers’ was 5.14, semi medium farmers’ was 6.2, and medium farmers’ was 5. The data indicated that, 13 (12.78 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (50 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (26.67 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.56 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Bewanahalli had 63.89 per cent illiterates, 7.78 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.56 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.11 per cent of them had high school education, 5.56 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.56 per cent did ITI, 2.22 per cent of them had degree education and 0.56 per cent of the population had Masters. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.86 per cent of the households were general labour and 2.86 per cent of the households were private service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 68.89 per cent of the household members, 6.67 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.78 per cent were in general labour, 0.56 per cent were artisans, 3.89 per cent were private service, 10 per cent were students, 4.44 per cent were housewives and 2.78 per cent were children. The results show that, only 1.11 per cent of the population of the member of self-help group and 98.89 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katch house and 28.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 2.86 per cent of the households possess Radio, 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 48.57 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tempo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler, 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.6666, mixer grinder was Rs.1915, motor cycle was Rs.60000, tempo was Rs.1000000, car/four wheeler was Rs. 200000, Radio was Rs. 1000 and mobile phone was Rs.2123. 2 About 31.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 25.71 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent them possess tractor, 2.86 per cent of them possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent them sprinkler and 11.43 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.22727, plough was Rs.3111, the average value of tractor was Rs.350000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4000, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.4500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.490. The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 8.57 per cent of the households possess goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.30, average own labour (women) available was 1.73, average hired labour (men) available was 8.57 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.67. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Bewanahalli micro-watershed possess 34.76 ha (84.04%) of dry land and 6.60 ha (15.96%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.48 ha (94.58%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (5.42 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.83 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.97 ha (85.7%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (14.30%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (59.26%) of dry land and 4.45 ha (40.74%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 503,259.99 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 545,187. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 966,778.05 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 2,058,333.25 of irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 569,218.11 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 210,511.36 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 480,778.57of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000.00 for dry land and Rs. 404,181.82 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.19 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.49 ha, 1.66 ha and 1.34 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (33.46 ha), green gram (2.86 ha), sorghum (2.11 ha), paddy (2.02 ha) and sunflower (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, green gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, green gram, sorghum and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown red gram, and paddy. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Bewanahalli micro-watershed was found to be 94.85 per cent. The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 4.35 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and money lender. The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 2956.52. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did have partially repaid their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did have partially repaid their loan borrowed from private sources. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 28288.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050.00. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 8761.03, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 38989.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66271.33. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 27281.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 47413.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35294.59. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -12118.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 50737.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 134285.67. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 83547.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.65. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 33221.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25927.12. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -7294.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.78. 4 The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 70,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 83,640, for small farmers it was Rs. 131,857.14, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 216,900, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 330,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,264.35. For landless households it was Rs. 6,640, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,001.11, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,005.10, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 19,800 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 53,333.33. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 18 mango trees in their fields. The results indicate that, households have planted 4 tamarind, 2 acacia, 4 banyan and 54 neem trees in their fields. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7800 for land development, Rs. 285.71 for improved crop production. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 40 per cent for land development, for 2.86 per cent of improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.14 per cent for land development and own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 92.59 per cent, red gram to the extent of 97.52 per cent, sorghum to the extent of 95.24 per cent and sunflower to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 91.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households used firewood and 31.43 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. 5 The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 40 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 74.29 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 85.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 40 per cent and meat was inadequate for 14.29 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 60 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 25.71 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 8.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households and egg was inadequate for 60 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%) and inadequate extension services (8.57%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.131 & 35. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44085 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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329.Bewanahalli 1F1c.pdf | 14.76 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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