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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KAMANURU-1 (4D3A9B2a) MICRO WATERSHED Irakallagada Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde Ramesh Kumar, S.C.,, K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde Ramesh Kumar, S.C.,, K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Kamanuru-1 (4D3A9B2a) Microwatershed, Irakallagada Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ .235, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.137& 43. |
Series/Report no.: | 235; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kamanuru-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 749 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 68 per cent is covered by soil, 28 per cent by rock out crops and four per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 11 soil series and 33 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 5 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 18 per cent moderately deep (75- 100 cm) and 45 per cent is deep to very deep (100->150cm) soils. About 19 per cent is sandy (loamy sand) at the surface, 34 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 15 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface. About 36 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 28 per cent has gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 4 per cent very gravelly (35-60 %) soils. With respect to available water capacity 21 per cent of the area has very low (<50mm/m), 36 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), <1 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 11 per cent area has very high (151->200mm/m) available water capacity. An area of about 67 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and <1 per cent has very gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 25 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 43 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) and <1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) lands. An area of about 2 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0), 4 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 59 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 3 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and <1 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that soils are non saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 60 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 9 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in 11 per cent, medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 28 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 30 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (<145 kg/ha) in 2 per cent and medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 67 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 63 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 5 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 57 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron is deficient in 15 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 54 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 62 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 94 (13) 52 (7) Pomegranate - 183(24) Maize 13 (2) 134 (18) Guava - 100(13) Bajra 13(2) 211(28) Jackfruit - 100(13) Redgram - 123 (16) Jamun - 168(22) Bengal gram 82(11) 83(11) Musambi 82(11) 101(13) Groundnut - 326 (43) Lime 82(11) 101(13) Sunflower 82 (11) 42 (5) Cashew 13(2) 147(20) Cotton 82(11) 65(8) Custard apple 94(13) 419(56) Chilli 13(2) 51(7) Amla 13(2) 501 (67) Tomato 13(2) 51(7) Tamarind - 126(17) Drumstick - 353(47) Marigold 13(2) 134(18) Mulbery - 473(63) Chrysanthemum 13(2) 134(18) Mango - 27(4) Jasmine 13(2) 51(7) Sapota - 100(13) Crossandra 13(2) 52(7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 78 (53.79%) men and 67 (46.21%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 3, semi medium farmer was 6, medium farmers were 10 and for landless farmers it was 4. There were 31 (21.38%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 48 (33.1%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (37.24 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (8.28%) were above 61 years of age. The micro watershed had 22.76 per cent illiterates, 4.83 per cent functional literates, 27.59 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.72 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.24 per cent of them had high school education, 3.45 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.69 per cent of them had ITI, 9.66 per cent of them had degree education and 0.69 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 54.48 per cent of the household members, 2.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.9 per cent were general labours,4.14 percent were in government service, 1.38 per cent of them were in private sector, 21.38 per cent of them were students and 3.45 per cent were housewives. The results shows that 3.45 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 1.38 per cent of them participated in gram panchayat, 1.38 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank, 0.69 percent of them participated in zilla panchayat and 96.19 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. Semi medium farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions. The results indicate that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of them possess pucca house. 100 percent of the landless, marginal and small farmers possess katcha house. The results shows that 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 48.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 45.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of radio was Rs.100, television was Rs.2185, mixer grinder was Rs.1094, DVD player was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.31153 and mobile phone was Rs.890. About 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 34.29 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 31.43 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 20 per cent 2 of them possess chaff cutter and 82.86 per cent of the households possess weeder. The average value of plough was Rs.745, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18500 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.1913. The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 5.17 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep. Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.6, average own labour (women) available was 1.1, average hired labour (men) available was 6.5 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.17. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, 1 and 3 persons were migrated from micro watershed that belonged to marginal and medium farmer category. People have migrated on an average of 212 Kms and average duration was 22.5 months. Marginal farmers have migrated 370 kms and on an average for 36 months. Job/work and education of the children were equally important reasons for migration for all the migrants. Households of the Kammanur-1 micro watershed possess 30.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 3.44 ha (9.98%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs.260995 and average value of irrigated was Rs.348705. There were 1 functioning and 1 defunct bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source for 2.86 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the farmers. There was only 2.43 ha of irrigated area in total in the micro watershed which belonged to semi medium farmers. Farmers have grown Maize (12.05 ha), Navane (5.09 ha), Sajje (3.64ha), Bajra (4.66ha), Bengal gram (2.63 ha), Paddy (2.02 ha), Horse gram (1.31ha), Sorghum (0.96 ha) and Red gram (0.43ha). Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Navane, Bajra, Sorghum and Redgram. Small farmers have grown Maize, Navane, Bajra, and Horse gram. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize, Bengal gram and Paddy. Medium farmers have grown Maize and Bengal gram. The cropping intensity in Kammanur-1 micro watershed was found to be 97.93 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 113.48 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 79.32 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among landless farmers 80 percent of them possess bank account and 3 savings. Hundred per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium category of farmers possess bank account and also savings. The results indicate that, 56.25 per cent have availed loan in grameena bank, 15.63 per cent have availed loan in money lender and 3.13 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs. Landless, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.2500, Rs.35000, Rs. 98846, Rs.148333, and Rs. 70000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 68593. The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture and 5.56 per cent of them have borrowed loan for animal husbandry. Only small farmers (11.1%) have borrowed credit for the purpose of animal husbandry and all other category of farmers have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. The results indicate that, house hold consumption and other reasons were the main purpose for which landless and small farmers borrowed loan. Another 25 percent of small farmers also borrowed loan for social functions like marriage. The results indicate that, 47.37 per cent of the households have repaid partially which includes 20 per cent of marginal farmers, 60 per cent of small farmers and 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers. The data also shows that 47.37 per cent of households have not repaid their loans and only 5.26 per cent of households have fully repaid their loans. Results indicated that 33.33 per cent of the households have repaid partially, another 33.33 per cent have unpaid their loan and 16.67 percent of the households have full paid their loan. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 14769. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23450.5. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs.8680.82, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6. The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs.14451.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14167. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs.-284.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 37053.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36730.47. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 323.12, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99. The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 17786.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23546.38. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 5759.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 19170.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21143.20. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 1972.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1. 4 The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 24733.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20039.62. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. - 4694.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.81. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13408.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48465.96. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 35057.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.61. The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 7.69 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers. The data revealed that 22.86 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate and 2.86 per cent opined that green fodder is inadequate. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 30 coconut trees in their field and 6 in backyard. Mango (6) trees and a jackfruit tree were also grown by the households. Households have planted 57 neem trees in field and 2 in backyard, 2 acacia, 2 banyan tree, 2 peepul tree and 1 tamarind tree. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs.1428 for land development and Rs.21,142 in irrigation facility. Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs.3846 for land development and Rs. 21538 in irrigation facility. Small farm households have an average investment capacity Rs.25384 in irrigation facility. Semi medium households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 43333 for irrigation. The results indicated that for land development 2.86 per cent dependent on government subsidy. For irrigation facility 68.57 percent depend on government subsidy and 2.86 percent depend on loan from bank loan. The results indicated that, 60 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants which includes, 46.15 per cent the marginal farmers, 84.62 percent small farmers and 100 percent semi medium farmers. About 34.29 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets which includes 53.85 percent marginal farmers, 23.08 percent small farmers and 100 percent medium farmers. The results indicated that 77.14 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 17.14 per cent have used tractor. The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 7.96 percent of small farmers and 33.33 percent semi medium farmers. About 82.86 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 92.31 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing. 5 The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 30.77 per cent of marginal, 69.23 per cent of small farmers, 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of medium farmers. Summer ploughing was adopted by 62.86 per cent of the households i.e. 69.23 per cent of the marginal farmers, 76.92 per cent of the small farmers, 66.67 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent medium farmers. Combination of deep and shallow root crops was followed by 62.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that, 6.67 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are good, 13.33 per cent opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 6.67 per cent of the households opined that bunds are severely damaged and 73.33 per cent opined that the bunds required full replacement. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless, 84.62 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. About 42.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60 per cent of landless, 53.85 per cent of marginal, 23.08 per cent of small, 33.33 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have sanitary toilet facility. Around 91.43 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 48.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (57.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (74.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (82.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.137& 43. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44117 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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