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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT GABBUR-4 (4D3A9D1e) MICRO WATERSHED Kasaba Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Gabbur-4 (4D3A9D1e) Microwatershed, Kasaba Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ. 380, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.151 & 41. |
Series/Report no.: | 380; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Gabbur-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 344 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 90 per cent is covered by soils, <1 per cent is covered by rock outcrops, 3 per cent is covered by mining/industrial and 6 per cent is covered by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 18 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 90 per cent is suitable for agriculture. About 20 per cent of the soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm), 35 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) and 35 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm). About 54 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 36 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 57 per cent area has non-gravelly (<15% gravel) soils, 33 per cent has gravelly to very gravelly (15-60%) soils. About 30 per cent area is very low to low (<50-100 mm/m), 33 per cent area is medium to high (101-200 mm/m) and 28 per cent area is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 15 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 75 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 62 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 28 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded. An area of about <1 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 78 per cent soils are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) and 12 per cent soils area very strongly alkaline (>9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 73 per cent area and high (>0.75%) in 17 per cent area. An area of about 89 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 11 per cent is low (<145 kg/ha), 58 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 21 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 76 per cent, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 14 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 54 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 36 per cent area of the microwatershed. An area of about 2 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 88 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron content. Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. An area of about 8 per cent is deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 83 per cent is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180(52) 70(20) Sapota 103(30) 32(9) Maize 28(8) 179(52) Pomegranate 103(30) 136(40) Bajra 119(35) 182(53) Guava 103(30) 33(9) Groundnut 32(9) 86(25) Jackfruit 103(30) 32(9) Sunflower 155(45) 69(20) Jamun 74(22) 154(45) Cotton 135(39) 115(33) Musambi 155(45) 84(25) Red gram 103(30) 121(35) Lime 155(45) 84(25) Bengalgram 61(18) 224(65) Cashew 60(18) 74(22) Chilli 77(22) 112(32) Custard apple 180(52) 125(36) Tomato 77(22) 155(45) Amla 162(47) 143(42) Brinjal 45(13) 232(67) Tamarind 74(22) 123(36) Onion 29(8) 144(42) Marigold 60(18) 190(55) Bhendi 29(8) 204(59) Chrysanthemum 60(18) 190(55) Drumstick 103(30) 125 (365) Jasmine 60(18) 129(38) Mulberry 60(18) 97(28) Crossandra 103(30) 96(28) Mango 74(22) 28(8) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 93 (64.14%) men and 52 (35.86%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers was 3.5, marginal farmers’ was 5, small farmers’ was 4.8, semi medium farmers’ was 3.71 and medium farmers’ was 5. The data indicated that, 39 (19.6 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (41.21 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (30.15 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.05%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Gabbur-4 had 37.93 per cent illiterates, 25.52 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.69 per cent of them had middle school, ITI and master’s education, 15.17 per cent of them had high school education, 6.90 per cent of them had PUC and degree education and 1.38 per cent of them had diploma. The results indicate that, 53.13 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 43.75 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.55 per cent of the household members, 37.24 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.69 per cent was in government service and housewives, 2.76 per cent was in private service and children and 19.31 per cent of them were student. The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 9.38 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 37.50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 12.50 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 40.63 per cent of them possess semi pacca house. The results shows that 90.63 per cent of the households possess TV, 81.25 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 50 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 96.88 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 7,068, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,076, motor cycle was Rs. 31,437, mobile phone was Rs. 2,712. About 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34.38 per cent of the households possess plough, 9.38 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 3.13 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump and sprinkler, 3.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 18.75 per cent of them possess sprayer, 40.63 per cent of them possess weeder and 3.13 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,200, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,425, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2,000, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 25,000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 450,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.5,5838, the average 2 value of sprinkler was Rs.1,666 and the average value of weeder Rs.53 and the average value of earth remover/ duster was Rs.3,000. The results indicate that, 31.25 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.88 per cent of the households possess local cow and 25 per cent of the households possess 46.88. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.90, average own labour (women) available was 1.13, average hired labour (men) available was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.65. The results indicate that, 87.50 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.38 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-4 micro watershed possess 17.26 ha (41.12%) of dry land and 24.71 ha (58.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 0.4 ha (45.87%) of dry land and 0.48 ha (54.13%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.35 ha (65.18%) of dry land and 6.6 ha (34.82 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 4.5 ha (35.5%) of dry land and 8.18 ha (64.50%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.45 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 341,768.29 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 392,384.70. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 741,000 for dry land and Rs. 2,302,542.42 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 340,019.67 for dry land and Rs. 636,441.72 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 310,691.82 for dry land and Rs. 342,037.58 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 169,178.51 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 15 de-functioning and 19 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 59.38 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 61.91 meters. The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 2.10 ha, small farmers had 7.52ha, semi medium farmers had 6.58 ha and medium farmers had 9.05 ha. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (30.66 ha), bajra (4.3 ha), tomato (1.74 ha), red gram (1.62 ha), groundnut (1.34 ha), brinjal (0.83 ha), onion and paddy (0.81 ha), ladies finger (1.01 ha) and drumstick and sunflower (0.4 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-4 micro watershed was found to be 83.89 per cent. 3 The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 51704.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90365.86. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 38661.68, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27985.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39263.95. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11278.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4. The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30365.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30642.85. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 277.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35982.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 38117.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.06. The total cost of cultivation for Drumstick was Rs. 26945.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from Drumstick cultivation was Rs. -8420.01. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.69. The total cost of cultivation for ladies Finger was Rs. 35705.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78113.75. The net income from ladies Finger cultivation was Rs. 42408.53, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.19. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 46251.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47424. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 1172.45, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.03. The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 37319.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88195.11. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 50875.96, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.36. The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 26977.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47918.00. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 20940.58, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78. The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 22455.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. - 225.44, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99. The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 34674.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57205.63. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 22530.71, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65. The results indicate that, 34.38 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 46.88 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also, 6.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. 4 The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 20,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 172,333.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 84,856.25, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 74,714.29 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 187,250. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,974.84. For landless households it was Rs. 6,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs 91,666.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,105.93, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,428.57 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 85,375. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 113 coconut trees, 1 guava trees, 22 mango trees and 3 pomegranate trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 32 teak trees, 46 neem trees, 1 acacia trees and 3 tamarind trees in their field and also 4 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.3,250 for land development, Rs.1,437.5 for irrigation facility, Rs.2,437 for improved crop production and Rs. 437.50 for livestock management. The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the major source of investment for 40.63 per cent of households for land development and improved crop production, 18.75 per cent for irrigation facility and 9.38 per cent for improved livestock management. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 80.39 per cent, brinjal was sold to the extent of 96 per cent, drumstick was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, ladies finger was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97.62 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 91.67 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 57.14 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 62.5 per cent, sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 98.57 per cent. The results indicated that, about 53.13 per cent of the households sold their produce in agent/traders, 21.88 per cent of the households sold their produce in local/ village merchant, 25 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 12.50 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that 112.50 per cent of the farmers have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 22.73 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 34.38 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 37.50 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 50 5 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 9.38 per cent. The results indicated that, 78.13 percent used fire wood and 21.88 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 28.13 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 28.13 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90.63 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 46.88 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56.25 per cent, egg were adequate for 75 per cent of the and meat were adequate for 68.75 per cent of the households. |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.151 & 41. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/49915 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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