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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KALLUPALYA (4B3D3R1b) MICROWATERSHED Gubbi Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Kallupalya (4B3D3R1b) Microwatershed, Gubbi Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.106, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.101 & 32. |
Series/Report no.: | 106; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kallupalya Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 402 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drough-prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 88 per cent is covered by soils and 12 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 33 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 87 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 13 per cent is not suitable for agriculture About 84 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 4 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow. About 6 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 82 per cent loamy soils. About 39 per cent of the soils are non gravelly, 19 per cent of the soils are gravelly (<15-35%), 14per cent very gravelly soils (35-60%) and 16 per cent extremely gravelly (60-80%). An area of about 12 per cent are very low (<50 mm), 36 per cent are low (51-100 mm/m), 23 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and an area of 16 per cent has very high (>200 mm/m) available water capacity. About 81 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 7 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%). An area of about 52 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 29 per cent moderately eroded (e2). A very small area of about 7 per cent is severely eroded. Maximum area of about 57 per cent has soils that are strongly acid to moderately acid and slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) and 31 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 74 per cent of the soils are low (<0.5%) and 13 per cent area of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon. About 86 per cent of the area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 1 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha). About 23 per cent of the soils are low (<145 kg/ha), medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 63 per cent area and 2 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in an area of 83 per cent. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area about 77 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 11 per cent area. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 51 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent of soils of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 74 (16) 62(13) Guava 74 (16) 185(40) Fodder Sorghum 74 (16) 62(13) Pomegranate 74 (16) 45(10) Maize 43 (9) 93(20) Banana 74 (16) 45(10) Upland paddy 74 (16) 140(30) Jackfruit 74 (16) 45(10) Finger millet 74 (16) 119(26) Jamun 74 (16) 45(10) Redgram 74 (16) 62(13) Musambi 74 (16) 45(10) Horse gram 91(20) 272(59) Lime 74 (16) 45(10) Field bean 74 (16) 62(13) Cashew 74 (16) 105(23) Cowpea 74 (16) 62(13) Custard apple 74 (16) 119(43) Groundnut 12(3) 276(60) Amla 74 (16) 197(43) Sunflower 74 (16) 45(10) Tamarind 74 (16) 45(10) Onion 43 (9) 93(20) Marigold 74 (16) 83(18) Chilli 74 (16) 62(13) Chrysanthemum 74 (16) 83(18) Brinjal 74 (16) 62(13) Jasmine 74 (16) 83(18) Tomato 74 (16) 62(13) Coconut 74 (16) 45(10) Mango 74 (16) 45(10) Arecanut 74 (16) 45(10) Sapota 74 (16) 45(10) Mulberry 12(3) 300(65) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kallupalya micro-watershed (Tyagatur sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13026’ – 13028’ North latitudes and 76049’ – 76052’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 462.13 ha, bounded by Pinnenahalli, Unaganala, Hosakere, Maddinahalli and Harehalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kallupalya micro-watershed (Tyagatur subwatershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 54.8 to 45.2 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 57.1 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 81.0 per cent. Social groups belong to general caste is around 90.0 per cent Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the major source of energy for a cooking around 90.0 per cent. About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. About 70.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70.0 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 12.0 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 40.0 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 0.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 32.7 per cent and irrigated land of 68.3 per cent of total cultivable land among the sample households. Agriculture is the main occupation among 87.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and private service is subsidiary occupation for 6.1 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14223 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 11271 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs. 42692 per household; about 92.9 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 634.4 grams (1402.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 92384 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are above poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1151. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 639 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 258190 per year for the total area of 462.1 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 40996/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 221324) followed by coconut (Rs. 76700), red gram (Rs. 36621), maize (Rs. 29025), aware (Rs. 28750), chillies (Rs. 14048), cowpea (Rs. 8223) and ragi, horse gram and sorghum is negative return. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3681/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 6893) followed by horse gram (Rs. 5434), ragi (Rs. 3605), cowpea (Rs. 2100) and maize (Rs. 371). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 3 324418) followed by aware (Rs 67233), maize (Rs. 60367), red gram (Rs. 53787), sorghum (Rs. 35017), chillies (Rs. 23218), horse gram (Rs. 22808), ragi (Rs. 9104), areca nut (Rs. 8896), and cowpea (Rs. 6205). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is coconut (34.4 %) followed by sorghum (17.3 %) maize (16.5 %), horse gram (16.5%), chillies (8.6 %), areca nut (8.2 %), ragi (6.1 %), aware (4.5 %), red gram (4.1 %), sorghum (0.5 %) and cowpea (0.5 %). In Kallupalya micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Bidanagere (BDG) series are moderately deep soil depth cover around 12.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing chilies (45.9 %), coconut (27.1 %) and ragi (27.1 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Balapur (BPR) are also having deep soil deep cover around 25.6 % of area, the crops are areca nut (55.4 %) and coconut (44.6 %). Kadagathur (KDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 6.6 % of areas, crops cowpea (16.3 %), horse gram (16.3 %), maize (65.3 %), and sorghum (2.1 %). Muradi (MRD) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 11.2 % per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are aware (16.4%), coconut (34.4%), ragi (32.8 %) and redgram (16.4 %). Thimmasandra (TSD) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 9.7 % of area, the major crop grown is coconut. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 134524/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.21) and Rs. 46521/ha in TSD soil (with BCR of 4.58). In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs 32802/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs. 11034/ha in MRD soil (with BCR of 1.25). In chillies the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs.91809//ha (with BCR of 1.15). In areca nut the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs 57547/ha (with BCR of 4.85). In maize the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 30255/ha (with BCR of 1.97). In sorghum the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 34985/ha (with BCR of 1.12). In horse gram the cost of cultivation in KDT soil is Rs 34569/ha (with BCR of 1.12) and aware the cost of cultivation in MRD soil is Rs 26825/ha (with BCR of 2.07). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (18.7 to 87.3 %), ragi (19 to 67.4 %), horse gram (24.1 %), maize (40.5%), sorghum (59.1%), cowpea (59.5%) and aware (48.4%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.101 & 32. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/49947 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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