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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KURUBARAHALLI (4D3D8G1c) MICROWATERSHED Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Kurubarahalli (4D3D8G1c) Microwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.113, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.117 & 30. |
Series/Report no.: | 113; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kurubarahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 645 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 81 per cent is covered by soils and five per cent by rock lands and 14 per cent by habitations and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of August to 3rd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 81 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 51 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 14 per cent moderately deep and 16 per cent moderately shallow. About 35 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 46 per cent loamy soils. About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15% gravel) soils, 28 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 27 per cent soils are very gravelly (35-60%) to extremly gravelly (60-80%). About 64 per cent has soils that are very low (<50 mm/m) to low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity and 5 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity and about 12 per cent high (>200 mm/m). About 59 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 22 per cent gently sloping (3-5%). An area of about 36 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 36 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 9 per cent severely eroded (e4) soils. An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 11 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 30 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 6 per cent slightly alkaline in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dS m-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 75 per cent of the soils are low (<0.5%) and 5 per cent are medium (0.5- 0.75%) in organic carbon content. About 38 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 42 per cent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content. About 17 per cent of the soils are low (<145 kg/ha), medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 63 per cent and <1 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 18 per cent area, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 50 per cent area and low (<10 ppm) in about 13 per cent area. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 50 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 31 per cent area. Entire area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in available iron. Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 37 (6) 256 (40) Guava 25 (4) 258 (40) Fodder Sorghum 37 (6) 256 (40) Pomogranate 25 (4) 240 (37) Maize 37 (6) 171 (27) Banana 25 (4) 240 (37) Upland paddy 37 (6) 356 (55) Jackfruit 25 (4) 155 (24) Finger millet 37 (6) 271 (42) Jamun 25 (4) 198 (31) Redgram 37 (6) 256 (40) Musambi 25 (4) 240 (37) Horse gram 37 (6) 385 (60) Lime 25 (4) 240 (37) Field bean 37 (6) 256 (40) Cashew 25 (4) 258 (40) Cowpea 37 (6) 256 (40) Custard apple 37 (6) 459 (71) Groundnut 37 (6) 374 (58) Amla 37 (6) 385 (60) Sunflower 25 (4) 240 (37) Tamarind 25 (4) 198 (31) Onion 37 (6) 176 (27) Marigold 37 (6) 256 (40) Chilli 37 (6) 256 (40) Chrysanthemum 37 (6) 256 (40) Brinjal 37 (6) 256 (40) Jasmine 37 (6) 176 (27) Tomato 37 (6) 256 (40) Coconut 25 (4) 155 (24) Mango 25 (4) 113 (17) Arecanut 25 (4) 155 (24) Sapota 25 (4) 155 (24) Mulberry 25 (4) (3088) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kurubarahalli Micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13023’ – 13025’ North latitudes and 76035’ – 76037’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 645.29 ha, bounded by Kedhigehalli, Marasandra, Chikkanahalli, Chikkanayakanahalli, Dugudihalli, Dabbekatta and Jogihalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kurubarahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 57.4 to 42.6 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51.1 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 80.9 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households. About 66.6 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 2.1 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 36 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 0.44 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 90.9 % and irrigated land 9.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 63.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 30.5 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14420 per household. Mobile and Mixer/grinder are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs.1004 per household, about 70 per cent of sample farmers own plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs.22810 per household; about 79 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 694.5 grams (1481.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827.7 gram. Around 90 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 25543 per household. Above 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1228. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 790 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 411588 per year for the total area of 445.72 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 28081/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 74436) followed by ragi (Rs. 6316) and green gram (Rs. 3490). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3647/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5325) followed by ragi (Rs. 1968). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 265476) followed by green gram (Rs. 43584) and ragi (Rs. 13608). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern ragi (50.2 %) followed by green gram (45.2 %) and coconut (4.6 %). In Kurubarahalli Microwatershed, major soil is Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 50 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram (50 %) and ragi (4.56 %), soils of Bidanagere (BDG) are also having moderately deep soil depth cover 7.84 % of area, the crops are green gram (50 %) and ragi (50 %). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 16.05 % of areas, crops are green gram (44.5 %) and ragi (55.5 %). Lakshmanagudda (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 12.37 % of area, crops are coconut (16.7 %), green gram (33.3 %) and ragi (50 %). The cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) of ragi range between Rs.60787/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.06) and Rs 12124/ha in LDG soil (with BCR of 1.87). In green gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.54821/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 16307/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.88). In coconut the cost of cultivation in LGD soil is Rs 44124/ha (with BCR of 2.69). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (71.7 to 30.6 %), green gram (42.2 to 27.4 %), and coconut (45.8 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.117 & 30. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/49949 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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113.Kurubarahalli (4D3D8G1c).pdf | 20.73 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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