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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KUKANAPALLI-2 (4D3A9A2d) MICRO WATERSHED Irakallagada Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Kukanapalli-2 (4D3A9A2d) Microwatershed, Irakallagada Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ. 294 ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.147 & 37. |
Series/Report no.: | 293; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kukanapalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 639 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by habitation. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 15 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 9 Land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 61 per cent of the soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm), 25 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) and 6 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm). About 3 per cent area has sandy soils, 36 per cent area has loamy soils and 54 per cent area has clay soils. About 36 per cent area has non-gravelly (<15% gravel) soils, 50 per cent has gravelly to very gravelly (15-60%) soils. and 6 per cent area has extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils. About 63 per cent area is very low to low (<50-100 mm/m), 23 per cent area has medium (101-150 mm/m) and 6 per cent area is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 10 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 82 per cent area has very gently to gently sloping (1-5%) lands. About 45 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 48 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands. Very minor (<1 ha) area is under slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 33 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 59 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction. Entire area is non saline (<2 dsm-1) in electrical conductivity (EC). Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 25 per cent area and high (>0.75%) in 67 per cent area. About 36 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 56 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 12 per cent area is low (<145 kg/ha), medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 57 per cent area and 24 per cent area is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. About 55 per cent area is low (<10 ppm), 35 per cent medium (10-20 ppm) and 3 per cent high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 74 per cent are and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 18 per cent area. Available iron sufficient (>4.5 ppm) 12 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent area. Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 56 per cent area. Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 65 (10) 259 (41) Sapota 28 (4) 16 (3) Maize 28 (4) 296 (46) Pomegranate 28 (4) 162 (25) Bajra 28 (4) 312 (49) Guava 28 (4) 16 (3) Groundnut - 148 (23) Jackfruit 28 (4) 16 (3) Sunflower 65 (10) 125 (20) Jamun - 81 (13) Cotton 37 (6) 288 (45) Musambi 65 (10) 125 (20) Red gram 28 (4) 80 (13) Lime 65 (10) 125 (20) Bengalgram 37 (6) 248 (39) Cashew 39 (6) 5 (<1) Chilli 28 (4) 113 (18) Custard apple 81 (13) 266 (42) Tomato 28 (4) 113 (18) Amla 44 (7) 303 (48) Brinjal 44 (7) 287 (45) Tamarind - 83 (13) Onion 39 (6) 109 (17) Marigold 28 (4) 296 (46) Bhendi 39 (6) 293 (46) Chrysanthemum 28 (4) 296 (46) Drumstick 39 (6) 158 (25) Jasmine 28 (4) 150 (24) Mulberry 39 (6) 168 (27) Crossandra 28 (4) 232 (36) Mango - 39 (6) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 104 (55.32%) men and 84 (44.68%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 5, marginal farmers’ was 6.33, small farmers’ was 4.30, semi medium farmers’ was 5.82 and medium farmers’ was 4.33. The data indicated that, 37 (19.68%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (41.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (28.72%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.11%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Kukanpalli-2 had 27.13 per cent illiterates, 27.13 per cent of them had primary school education, 12.77 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.09 per cent of them had high school education, 9.04 per cent of them had PUC education and 3.72 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.33 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 11.11 per cent were general labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.23 per cent of the household members, 6.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 6.91 per cent were general labour, 0.53 per cent were in private service, 21.28 per cent were students, 0.53 per cent were housewives and 2.13 per cent were children. The results show that 98.94 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. Only 0.53 per cent of the population participated in gram panchayat and self help group. The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.78 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 19.44 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results show that 63.89 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.89 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent of them possess car/four wheeler, 2.78 per cent of the households possess landline and 86.11 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.3608, mixer grinder was Rs.1607, bicycle was Rs. 1000, motor cycle was Rs.39060, car/four wheeler was Rs.500000, landline was Rs.2000 and mobile phone was Rs.2929. About 8.33 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 16.67 per cent of them possess plough, 5.56 per cent of the households possess tractor, 16.67 per cent of them possess sprayer, 8.33 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 38.89 per cent of them possess weeder, 5.56 per cent possess harvester, 2.78 per cent possess thresher and 16.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.7000, plough was Rs.1331, the average value of tractor drill was Rs.500000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.416, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3100, the average value of harvester was Rs.200000, the average value of thresher was Rs.166, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.562, and the average value of weeder was Rs.220. The results indicate that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.56 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent possess crossbred cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 6.83, average own labour (women) available was 12.61, average hired labour (men) available was 1.31 and average hired labour (women) available was 2. The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Kukanpalli-2 micro watershed possess 35.37 ha (68.46%) of dry land and 16.29 ha (31.54%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.32 ha (89.13%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (10.87%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.35 ha (95.65%) of dry land and 0.61 ha (4.35%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 16.27 ha (69.07%) of dry land and 7.28 ha (30.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (23.39%) of dry land and 8 ha (76.71%) of the farmers possess irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 285,467.44 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 460,134.13. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 753,048.79 for dry land and Rs. 1,729,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 295,741.13 for dry land and Rs. 1,317,333.33 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 205,833.33 for dry land and Rs. 466,555.56 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123,500 for dry land and Rs. 325,000 irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.22 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.70 meters. The results indicate that, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 6.48 ha and 6.70 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (40.31 ha), groundnut (4.34 ha), bajra (4.09 ha), sunflower (1.31 ha), paddy (1.21 ha) and tomato (0.80 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut and maize. Small farmers have 3 grown maize, groundnut, bajra and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, groundnut, bajra, paddy and tomato. Medium farmers have grown groundnut and maize. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kukanpalli-2 micro watershed was found to be 89.05 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 79.53 and medium farmers it was 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 6.67 per cent of the households have availed loan from commercial bank, another 6.67 per cent of the households have availed loan from grameena bank and 13.33 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs. The results indicate that, landless, marginal and small farmers have availed Rs. 20000, Rs. 23333 and Rs. 11166.67 respectively. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agriculture production (50%) and household consumption (50%). The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. Results indicated that 50 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources and 50 per cent did not repay it. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53954.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 124634.36. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 70680.31, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 19343.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34686.73. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 15343.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 28509.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 92872. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 64362.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.26. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 30067.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38562.42. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 8495.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.28. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 28509.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38216.63. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 9707.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.34. 4 The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 187339.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 432249.99. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 244910.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31. The results indicate that, 38.89 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.89 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 100,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 72,975, for small farmers it was Rs. 106,640, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 169,545.45 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 346,666.67. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,473.61. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,194.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,996.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,477.27, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 52,222.22. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 184 coconut and 606 mango tree in their fields. Households have planted 173 neem trees, 10 teak and 2 tamarind trees in their field. They have also grown 3 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, maize and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, groundnut 80 per cent, paddy 44.44 per cent and tomato 90 per cent. The results indicated that, about 30.56 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 69.44 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 13.89 per cent have used truck and 5.56 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 36.11 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 50 per cent of the small farmers, 18.18 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used fire wood and 27.78 per cent used LPG. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 72.22 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and lake/tank were the source of drinking water for 16.67 per cent of the households respectively. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5 The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 33.33 per cent of the marginal, 50 per cent of the small, 27.27 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, 97.32 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 30.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 55.56 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.22 per cent, milk was adequate for 58.33 per cent, eggs were adequate for 19.44 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.56 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 63.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 38.89 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 75 per cent, milk was inadequate for 36.11, eggs were inadequate for 77.78 per cent and meat was inadequate for 91.67 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 2.50 per cent, vegetables, milk and meat were market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 83.33 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75%), inadequacy of irrigation water (19.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.56%), high rate of interest on credit (30.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.89%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75%), inadequate extension services (25%) and less rainfall (16.67%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.147 & 37 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/50016 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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