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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT RAISABAD HOSAHALLI-3 (4D5B1J1a) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Raisabad Hosalli-3 (4D5B1J1a) Microwatershed, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ .474, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.135 & 32. |
Series/Report no.: | 474; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 531 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 403 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 91 ha by rock outcrops and about 37 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 62 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (<25 - 75 cm). About 9 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 53 per cent soils are loamy and 15 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 37 per cent of the microwatershed area is non gravelly (<15%) and 38 per cent of the microwatershed area is gravelly (15 – 35%). About 3 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 43 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 24 per cent is very low (<50 mm/m). Entire area of the microwatershed falls under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 9 per cent is severely (e3) eroded and 67 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded. An area of about 48 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) in soil reaction and an area of 28 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. Available organic carbon is high (>0.75) in an area of 13 per cent, medium (0.5- 0.75%) in an area of 47 per cent and low (<0.5%) in an area of 16 per cent About 4 per cent is low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 60 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and high (>57 kg/ha) in an area of 13 per cent. About 58 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium and 18 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 17 per cent and medium (10 - 20 ppm) in 59 per cent. Available organic boron content is low (<0.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 64 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in an area of 11 per cent. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(3) 261(49) Guava - 57(11) Maize - 276(52) Sapota - 57(11) Bajra - 275(52) Pomegranate - 72(14) Groundnut - 105(20) Musambi <1(<1) 72(14) Sunflower 15(3) 64(12) Lime <1(<1) 72(14) Red gram - 62(12) Amla 67(13) 208(39) Bengal gram 15(3) 261(49) Cashew - 57(11) Cotton 15(3) 262(49) Jackfruit - 57(11) Chilli - 276(52) Jamun - 15(3) Tomato - 261(49) Custard apple 67(13) 208(39) Brinjal 69(13) 207(39) Tamarind - 15(3) Onion 62 (12) 207(39) Mulberry - 57(11) Bhendi 69(13) 207(39) Marigold - 276(52) Drumstick - 72(14) Chrysanthemum - 276(52) Mango - 5(<1) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 104 (58.43%) men and 74 (41.57%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 3.80, marginal farmers’ was 5.33, small farmers’ was 5.27, semi medium farmers’ was 5.38 and medium farmers’ was 5. The data indicated that, 30 (16.85%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (46.63%) were in 16-35 years of age, 56 (31.46%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.06%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-3 had 55.62 per cent illiterates, 23.03 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.25 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.06 per cent of them had high school education, 6.74 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.12 per cent had diploma, 0.56 per cent had diploma, 0.56 per cent did ITI and 5.06 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.78 per cent of them were housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 15.73 per cent of the household members, 58.43 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.56 per cent were in private service, 21.91 per cent were students, 2.81 per cent were housewives and 0.56 per cent were children. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 22.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 42.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 37.14 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results show that 71.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 5.71 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD player, 2.86 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 5.71 per cent of them had bicycle, 40 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent had landline phone and 54.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,412, DVD/VCD player was Rs. 1,800, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000, bicycle was Rs. 1,350, motor cycle was Rs. 54,071, landline was Rs. 3,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,267. About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 48.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 17.14 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them were in tractor, 34.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 20 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.13,750, plough was Rs.2,605, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.3,266, tractor was Rs.800,000, the average value 2 of sprayer was Rs.3,970, sprinkler was Rs.1,750 and the average value of weeder was Rs.16. The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow and 8.57 per cent of them possess buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, average own labour (women) available was 1.57, average hired labour (men) available was 6.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.71. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-3 micro-watershed possess 27.88 ha (69.82%) of dry land and 12.05 ha (30.18%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.20 ha (92.78%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (7.22%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.18 ha (76.34%) of dry land and 3.35 ha (23.66%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.81 ha (55.46%) of dry land and 6.27 ha (44.54%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.05 ha (66.67%) of dry land and 2.02 ha (33.33%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 598109.67 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 417857.14. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 886575.74 for dry land and Rs.988000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 412485.09 for dry land and Rs.742187.51 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 291909.09 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 228703.70 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and 1 de-functioning open wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.86 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.03 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 3.48 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 1.62 ha, 6.28 ha and 2.02 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (10.04 ha), greengram (5.34 ha), groundut (2.83 ha), paddy (2.87 ha) and redgram (19.07 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, cotton, Greengram and paddy. Small and semi medium farmers have grown cotton, greengram, groundnut, paddy and redgram. Medium farmers have grown redgram and cotton. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-3 micro-watershed was found to be 80.52 per cent. 3 The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 62.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 25137.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52923.35. The net income from Greengram cultivation was Rs. 27785.75, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.11. The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 48357.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44471.98. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. - 3885.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 41601.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90200.74. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 48598.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37999. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75266.44. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 37267.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.98. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 24103.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52115. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 28011.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.16. The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 136,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 171,411.11, for small farmers it was Rs. 159,529.09, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 200,312.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 286,750. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,768.86. For landless households it was Rs. 20,500, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 13,932.10, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,971.07, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,542.41 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 36,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 coconut trees in their backyard and 4 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 16 neem trees in their field and 1 neem tree in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 485.71 for land development and Rs. 285.71 for improved crop production. The results indicated that own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and for 2.86 per cent for improved crop production. The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except greengram (87.72%). 4 The results indicated that, about 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 91.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce in regulated markets. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent carried head loads. The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 40 per cent, bore well was the source of drinking water for 57.14 per cent and open well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.43 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 62.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 40 per cent, fruits were adequate for 40 per cent, milk was adequate for 17.14 per cent and eggs were adequate for 25.71 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 60 per cent, milk was inadequate for 71.43 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 71.43 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (22.86%), high rate of interest on credit (20%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.71%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for the safe transport of agricultural produce to the market (5.71%) and less rainfall (20%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.135 & 32 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/50040 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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474.Raisabad Hosalli-3 (4D5B1J1a).pdf | 15.51 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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