Development of improved varieties and hybrids in safflower_2014

Abstract

Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CMS) system and CMS based hybrids Nucleus seed production of A- and B-lines: Produced nucleus seed of 14 A-lines by (A x B) pair-wise crossing and of seven B-lines by self-pollination under pollination nets. Male sterility percent ranged from 96 to 98% in progenies of about 1665 (A x B) pair-wise crosses. Diversity existed among A-lines for various seed traits. Male sterility stability of A-lines: The A-line, A-133 was tested for sterility percent at Indore and Mauranipur. The male sterility percent observed in A-133 was 97.5% at Indore and 99% at Mauranipur and in A-line. CMS-based safflower hybrids: The first CMS based hybrid, DSH 185 was identified by Varietal Identification Committee for cultivation in All India. DSH 185 yielded on an average (weighted mean) 14.3 q/ha seed yield under rainfed, 21 q/ha under irrigated conditions and 17.4q/ha at the national level. It exhibited +12.5% superiority under rainfed and +18.6% superiority under irrigated conditions over the national hybrid check, NARI-H-15 while it showed +15.2% superiority in seed yield over NARI-H-15 at the national level. It yielded 5.9% higher oil (4.12 q/ha) under rainfed conditions, 9.1% (5.7 q/ha) higher under irrigated conditions and 7.4% higher at national level over hybrid check, NARI-H-15. DSH 185 exhibited resistant reaction against Fusarium wilt over the years in wilt sick plots at DOR, Hyderabad, Solapur and Phaltan. DSH 185 (hybrid) vs. A1 (variety) on-farm demonstrations were conducted in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Seed production of DHS 185 was taken up in isolation at DOR, Hyderabad and AICRP (Safflower) centre at Indore. Two new hybrids, DSH 250 and DSH 249, were promoted to AHT-I in AICRP (Safflower). These hybrids exhibited resistance to Fusarium wilt (7.6-11%) in wilt sick plot. Five CMS hybrids developed at DOR, Hyderabad were evaluated in multilocation preliminary hybrid yield trial (PHT) at four locations in a replicated trial. The CMS hybrid DSH 253 recorded 17% higher seed yield (1734 kg/ha) than the hybrid check, NARI-H-15 (1510 kg/ha; CV: 11%; CD0.05:92). Eight new CMS hybrids, DSH256, 263, 264, 265, 269, 271, 272 and 273, recorded 17-30% higher seed yields (2038-2266 kg/h) than the hybrid check, NARI-H-15 (1746 kg/ha; CV: 14%, CD0.05:189) and 56-74 % higher the variety check, PBNS-12 (1299 kg/ha) in PHT at DOR, Hyderabad under rainfed conditions. National crossing programme: Among 28 F1 combinations under national crossing programme, the highest mean seed yield was realized from MS-6(Y) x PBNS-12 (1437 kg/ha) followed by MS-6 (Y) x PKV Pink (1391 kg/ha), MS-6 (Y) x PBNS-72 (1379 kg/ha), MS-6 (Y) x ASD-09-3 (1354 kg/ha) and MS-6 (Y) x JSI-120 (1351 kg/ha) over nine locations. Development of male parental lines Early maturing parental line: One male parental line (5390) consistently exhibited earliness in maturity. It reached to 50% flowering in 60 days and maturity in 105 days after planting while the check variety, PBNS-12 took 85 and 124 days to flowering and maturity, respectively. Breeding for high oil parental lines: Among 14 advanced generation lines bred for high oil content, SFS-9943 recorded the highest oil content (37%) followed by DSF-2014 (35%), DSI-113 (34.12%), and two wilt resistant lines viz., W-05-2050-9-p2-p2-p4 (34%) and W-05-2039-p10-p2-p1 (34%) while the remaining recorded 32% oil content. The 100-seed weight among these lines ranged from 4 to 6 g.

Fusarium wilt resistant male parental lines: Five advanced generation parental lines viz., Ole-9-p5-p7, W-05-2039-10-P2-P3-DNA-P4, W-05-2037-3(M)-P1-P7-DNA-P1-P25, H-P4-OP-P5-P1-P12 and DSI-107 confirmed resistance reaction (0-10% wilt incidence) against wilt in wilt sick plot in the third year while three parental lines viz., DSI-109, DSI-110, 3941-P3-P6-P8-P1 showed moderate resistance reaction (20-21% wilt incidence) against wilt.

Alternaria leaf blight resistant parental lines: Four interspecific derivatives which recorded up to 20% Alteranria severity under high disease pressure in the field during 2012-13 expressed disease severity up to 20% during 2013-14 also. Phytopthora resistant parental lines: Three parental lines viz., W-05-2028, W-2026 and W-2037-9 exhibited 20% seedling blight (Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae) disease severity while susceptible check, PBNS-12 showed 85% disease severity when screened using agar disc inoculation technique in green house. Prebreeding

Recurrent introgressive population enrichment (RIPE) programme : Second cycle genepool was developed under isolation in population enrichment programme.

Seed yield improvement in interspecific derivatives: Among 28 BC1F6 interspecific derivatives of (C.oxyacantha x C.tinctorius) C. tinctorius, six recorded 32-54% higher seed yields (6.16-7.2 kg/11.5 sq.m plot) than the best check, PBNS-12 (4.65 kg/plot). The wild species parent, C. oxyacantha yielded 2.5 g/plant and 0.07 kg/plot. C. oxyacantha is of seed shattering and late type species whereas all BC1F6 families are of non-shattering type and reached to 50% flowering in 78-85 and maturity in 127-135 days. The 100-seed weight of C. oxyacantha was 0.8 g while that of BC1F6 progenies ranged from 3.5 to 6.1 g. For utilizing wild species in prebreeding activities, 28 accessions of C. oxyacantha and four selections of C. palaestinus, three each of C. lanatus, C. glaucus and C. turkestanicus and one of C. creticus were maintained and multiplied through self-pollination. Yellow leaf variegated mutant: The F2 and F3 generations of four crosses between yellow leaf variegated mutant and A-line, B-line, GMS line and A1-134-76 exhibited three types of variegated mutants such as mutants having variegated leaves from cotyledon leaf stage to rosette stage, mutants having variegated leaves from stem elongation stage to lateral stages, and mutants having variegated leaves at all growth stages of plant. New source of male sterility: The male sterile progenies of C. palaestinus continued to segregate into complete male sterile, partial male fertile and complete male fertile upon sib-crossing with fertile sister plants in third year consecutive. Improvement of C. palaestinus: C. palaestinus selections maturing about 15 days earlier than the parental accession of C. palaestinus (135-140 days) were stabilized for early maturity. C. palaestinus selections yielding higher (41-110 g/) that the parental accessions of C. palaestinus (7.6-22.7 g/plant) were isolated.