Integrated analysis of energy and resource use indicators in rose production systems in open-field and protected condition in India

Abstract

Comprehensive studies assessed the role of inputs on efficiency parameters in rose production systems in openfield and protected conditions at Bengaluru, India during 2017–2020. Results highlight that precision application of critical inputs based on assessment of crop demand contribute to 4-fold increase in flower yields and substantial accumulation of above-ground biomass in open-grown roses. The net return per each unit investment can be trebled in loose flower rose and doubled in cut flower rose. Critical inputs such as nutrients and water account for maximum energy consumption (93.5–94.7%). Loose flower rose registers better energy efficiency indices than cut flower rose. In protected condition, variations in flower yields, carbon stocks and energy efficiency indices are significant among rose genotypes. Arka Swadesh genotype is efficient in resource use accruing maximum net benefit per rupee investment. Nutrients are the maximum consumers of energy (41.2%) followed by irrigation (20.9%). In protected condition, the productivity levels are similar among nutrient levels implying lesser nutrient application is sufficient for rose due to higher efficiency indices and optimum soil fertility. The results imply that rose production systems are highly productive and sustainable at optimum input levels and would reduce environmental pollution due to higher resource use efficiencies.