Squalene: bioactivity, extraction, encapsulation, and future perspectives

Abstract

Squalene, a triterpenoid compound, has gained importance as a potent biomolecule because of its wide applications in various sectors, such as the biomedical, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Its immense range of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, and anticancerous properties, coupled with its broader applications has further enhanced the demand for squalene globally. Extraction of squalene is thereby being carried out on a larger scale to meet the global demand. Apart from the most commonly employed method, molecular distillation, sustainable extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction are now being used for extracting squalene from various resources. Although shark liver is often considered the primary source for squalene, the increased exploitation of shark has led to species extinction, resulting in the introduction of conservation and regulation measures. This has led researchers around the globe to search for other reliable sources of squalene. Recently, bioengineering of microorganisms has been carried out to enhance squalene production. The quality of extracted squalene depends to a great extent on the type and conditions employed in the extraction and refining process. Developing the best extraction protocol cannot guarantee superior applicability of squalene, as it undergoes oxidation faster, affecting the bioavailability. Encapsulation of squalene in suitable matrices can be a feasible strategy to address the oxidative instability, and this in turn helps to broaden its applications, especially in the nutraceutical sector. This chapter provides details about the source, bioactivities, extraction, applications, and future perspectives of squalene in detail.