General Part-1

Technology Code:-	:	201628669987978
Organization Details...
Subject Matter Division	:	{{smdOb.smdName}}
Organization Name	:	{{orgOb.orgName}} ,{{orgOb.City}}
AICRP name if any (AICRP)	:	All Not Applicable {{aicrpOb.aicrpName}}
Details of Inventors..
Principal Inventor	:	Dr Dhananjay D Nangare
Principal Inventor Designation:	:	Principal Scientist
Principal Inventor Email	:	dd.nangare@icar.gov.in
Principal Inventor Address	:	ICAR-national Institute of Abiotic stress Management, Baramati
Co-Inventor Name	:	Dr Vijaysinha Kakade, Dr Pravin B Taware, Dr P Suresh Kumar, Dr Yogeshwar Singh, Dr P S Minhas, Dr H Pathak
Co-Inventor Email	:	vijaysinha.kakade@icar.gov.in, pravin.taware@icar.gov.in
Technology Name	:	Micro-blasting and Soil-mix Technique for Sapota Cultivation in Abiotic-stressed Basaltic Terrain
Technology Details..
Major resource	:	All Not Applicable {{majorOb.majreName}}
Minor Subject Classification	:	All Not Applicable {{minorOb.minorName}}
Minor Subject Sub Classification	:	All Not Applicable {{minorOb.minorsubName}}
Technology Group	:	All Not Applicable {{techgroup.tecg_group_name}}
Technology Related To	:	All Not Applicable {{techrela.tr_name}}
Complete Details of Technology:	:
A technology for establishment of sapota (Manilkara zapota, also known as sapodilla, chikoo, chico, naseberry or nispero) orchard on superficially subdued basalt igneous rocky area has been developed and validated. In this technology, pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m dimensions are prepared with the help of excavator machine. As the rock is very hard, micro-blasting was done for cracking the bottom rock so that depth was further enhanced to 1 m. The pits are filled with soil mixture comprising native murrum soil with black soil in 1:1 proportion along with 20 kg farm yard manure (FYM) and 500 g single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizer. The sapota saplings (variety Kalipatti) are planted in the pits. The standard water nutrient and canopy management practices are followed to achieve satisfactory development and fruiting of the plants during the subsequent years. This technology provided more than 11 t ha-1 of yield.
Brief Description of Technology Including Salient Features:
In peninsular India, lands with superficially subdued basalt igneous rocks exist in large areas. These lands are porous, shallow and gravelly with low in organic matter, high bulk density and poor water retention capacity. In these shallow basaltic soils, low water retention and presence of hard rocks and murrum are the major constraints for establishment of sapota orchards. To overcome this situation micro-blasting at bottom of pits helps to develop cracks in the hard rock facilitating better root penetration and water conservation. Further native soil mixed with black soil in 1:1 proportion to fill these pits or trenches, results in good initial stand of plants due to enhanced moisture holding at root-zone. Simultaneously, mixture of black soil and native murrum proved as a good mitigation option to tackle drought and edaphic stresses in Sapota. This technology has resulted in providing more than 11 t ha-1 of sapota yield. The average fruit weight varies from 75-90 g with average diameter varies from 46 to 51 mm. The TSS varies from 21 to 23o brix.
Benefits/Utility	:
About 8% land of the country is rocky and barren. The technology provides an opportunity for the alternative planting methods under bedrock conditions and identifying economically advantageous planting method and soil amendments for sapota orchards. The plant yield, size and quality of fruit were very good under pit planting with filling mixture of native murrum and black soil (1:1). The standardised orchard establishment methods will benefit for mitigating edaphic and drought stress and increase in economic longevity of orchards grown on rocky and barren land.
Precaution With The Technology	:	Micro-blasting needs permissions from competent authorities and to be performed very carefully.
How To Use	:
• Making pits and trenches: Prepare the layout marking in fields as per spacing recommendations and dug pits with the help of excavator machine. If the rock is very hard, breaker may be used to achieve required depth. Final pit dimension to be maintained as 1 x 1 x 1 m. Remove all the materials from pit and keep only fine material aside for filling mixture. • Micro-blasting: 2 micro-blasts are to be done at the bottom of the pit. Use low current to ignite micro-blasting. • Filling of pits: Pits so formed are to be filled with soil mixture. Mix native murrum soil with black soil in 1:1 proportion and fill in the pit along with 20 kg FYM and 500 g SSP. • Planting: Re-mark the layout and plant the saplings in the pits followed by immediate watering. • Variety: Variety Kalipatti, is a popular table purpose variety, having oblong/round fruits, borne in single, fruit quality high with soft sweet pulp. Fully grown tree yields 350-400 fruits/tree. • Water and nutrient management o For water management drip irrigation system to be installed at canopy shadow periphery/boundary with four drippers with discharge of 8 L hr-1. o Irrigation water requirement should be decided on the basis of crop coefficient (Kc) and local PAN based rate of evapotranspiration (ETr). o Basal dose of fertilizers to be applied along with 20 kg FYM per plant at the time of pruning. Further nutrient requirements are met with soluble fertilizers through drip irrigation i.e., fertigation. • Pest and disease control o Leaf webber (chiku moth) and hairy caterpillars are the common pests. Spray two rounds of carbaryl 0.1%, chlorpyriphos 0.05% or quinalphos 0.05% at 20 days interval after new shoot formation and fruit harvest. o The main diseases reported are leaf spot (Phleopheospora indica), base rot (Ceratocystis paradoxa), heart rot (Phytophthora parasitica) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Applications of Dithane M-45 and copper oxychloride (3 g L-1) have been found to be effective. o Clean cultivation to be followed in orchard to avoid diseases and pests infestation. Remove diseased twigs and infected fruits should be burned outside the orchard. o Follow recommended spray schedule along with cultivation practices and canopy management for integrated disease and pest management. • Pruning o Regular pruning is not required in the sapota. o It is done only for developing proper canopy which shall be well exposed to the sunlight, removal of dead and diseases branches and to regulate vegetative growth in order to improve the productivity and quality of fruits. o Cris-cross and lower branches shall be removed to make movement of machinery easy and uniform distribution of sprays. • Harvesting and post harvesting o Sapota fruits become ready for harvesting in the month of March-May (peak season). o Fruits turn in to dull orange or potato colour on maturity. o Matured fruits when scratched by nail shows yellow-light brown streaks instead of green ones. o Brown scally material disappears or easily gets removed from fruit surface at full maturity. o Milky latex gets reduced on maturity of sapota. o These are some of the maturity indices through which harvesting time can be decided. o Fruits are perishable in nature hence mature but unripe fruits shall be harvested and sent to markets as soon as possible. Ripe fruits can be sold to local markets.
Impact, If Adopted	:
The technology is disseminated through KVKs, state departments and also institute visits, technical bulletin and VDO exhibiting land development activities at ICAR-NIASM.
Technology Spread	:
The technology is disseminated through KVKs, state departments and also institute visits, technical bulletin and VDO exhibiting land development activities at ICAR-NIASM.
TargetUsers/Stake holders	:	Farmers having barren land with hard basaltic strata
Technology Contact..
Name	:	Director
Email	:	director@niam.res.in,director.niasm@icar.gov.in
Phone Number	:	02112-254055
Fax Number	:	02112-254056
Address	:	ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management,Malegaon, Baramati,Malegaon-413115
Keyword for Technology	:	Abiotic stress, basalt rock, sapota, micro-blasting, soil mixture

Technology Development Details Part-2

Project Details (Through which technology was developed)	:	Institute project 'Techniques to obviate edaphic stresses in orchards grown on shallow basaltic soils' (IXX10720)
Time of Initiation Technology Development	:	0-2013
Time of Completion Technology Development	:	0-2020
Technology Validated by	:	Within ICAR
Technology Validation Details..
Subject Matter Division	:	{{smdOb.smdName}}
Organization Name(if within ICAR)	:	ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management,Malegaon
Organization Name(if outside ICAR,Please enter)	:
Year of Validation(YYYY)	:	0-2018
Year of Release/Adoption(YYYY)	:	12-2020
Country	:	India
Minimum Temperature	:	10.7
Maximum Temperature	:	39.8
Average Temperature	:	30.9
Average Rainfall	:	588

Applies To(Regional Differentiation)Inform Part-3

Location...
Zone(As per the planning commission)	:	All Not Applicable {{zone.planningzoneName}}
Sub zone(As per the planning commission)	:	All Not Applicable {{zonesub.agroName}}, {{zonesub.Region}}
AgroEcological Zone(NBSS & LUP)	:	All Not Applicable {{agrozone.nbssaerName}}
AgroEcological Sub Zone(NBSS & LUP)	:	All Not Applicable {{agrosubzone.nbssaesrName}}
State Name	:	All Not Applicable {{state.stateName}}
District Name	:	All Not Applicable {{dist.distName}}
Farmer Details..
Farmer Land Holding Size	:	'Agriculture'
Farmer Type	:	'Large'
Water Availability Status	:	Irrigated
Soil Type/Resource Type..
Soil Order	:	All Not Applicable {{soilorder.soilorderName}}
Soil Sub Order	:	All Not Applicable {{soilsuborder.soilsubName}}
Soil great group	:	All Not Applicable {{soilgreat.soilgreatName}}
Soil great sub group	:	All Not Applicable {{soilgreatsub.soilgreatsubName}}
Commodity Details..
Commodity	:	All Not Applicable {{commodity.commodityName}}
Commodity Type	:	All Not Applicable {{commoditytype.commoditytypeName}}
Commodity Name	:	All Not Applicable {{commodityname.commodityName}}

Publication Related To Technology Part-4

Technical Bulletin information..

1. P. S. Minhas, S. K. Bal, P. Suresh Kumar, Yogeshwar Singh, G. C. Wakchaure, S. V. Ghadge, D. D. Nangare and Pravin Taware (2015). Turning Basaltic Terrain into Model Research Farm: Chronicle Description., ICAR - National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management Malegaon, Baramati,, 8.