General Part-1

Technology Code:-	:	201628678020305
Organization Details...
Subject Matter Division	:	{{smdOb.smdName}}
Organization Name	:	{{orgOb.orgName}} ,{{orgOb.City}}
AICRP name if any (AICRP)	:	All Not Applicable {{aicrpOb.aicrpName}}
Principal Inventor	:	Dr D D Nangare
Principal Inventor Designation:	:	Principal Scientist
Principal Inventor Email	:	dd.nangare@icar.gov.in
Principal Inventor Address	:	ICAR- National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati,
Co-Inventor Name	:	Dr. Pravin B. Taware, Dr. Mahesh Kumar, Dr Yogeshwar Singh, Dr P S Minhas, Dr P Suresh Kumar, Dr. H. Pathak
Technology Name	:	Deficit irrigation management in Grape orchard in abiotic-stressed basaltic terrain
Technology Details..
Major resource	:	All Not Applicable {{majorOb.majreName}}
Minor Subject Classification	:	All Not Applicable {{minorOb.minorName}}
Minor Subject Sub Classification	:	All Not Applicable {{minorOb.minorsubName}}
Technology Group	:	All Not Applicable {{techgroup.tecg_group_name}}
Technology Related To	:	All Not Applicable {{techrela.tr_name}}
Complete Details of Technology:	:
A technology for establishment of Grape orchard on superficially subdued basalt igneous rocky area has been developed. In this technology, trenches of 0.75 m width and 0.60 m depth are prepared with the help of JCB/Pocklain machine at 2.75 m spacing. The trenches were filled with native soil, soil mixture comprising native murrum soil with black soil in 1:1 proportion and black soil along with 20 kg farm yard manure (FYM) and 500 g single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizer in between two vines. The Dogridge rootstocks saplings were planted at 1.5 m spacing. It was grafted after six months with Thompson seedless and Sharad seedless variety scion. The standard canopy management practices were followed to achieve satisfactory development and fruiting of the plants during the subsequent years. Drip irrigation system was installed with two emitters of 4 Lt/hr discharge each per vine. The deficit irrigation strategy applied at different growth stages of crop with the help of alternate dripline. The irrigation water is applied as per daily pan evaporation data.
Brief Description of Technology Including Salient Features:
In peninsular India, lands with superficially subdued basalt igneous rocks exist in large areas. These lands are porous, shallow and gravelly with low in organic matter, high bulk density and poor water retention capacity. In these shallow basaltic soils, low water retention and presence of hard rocks and murrum are the major constraints for establishment of Grape orchards. To overcome this situation, trenches of 0.75 m width and 0.60 m depth are prepared with the help of JCB/Pocklain machine and were filled with native soil, soil mixture comprising native murrum soil with black soil in 1:1 proportion and black soil along with 20 kg farm yard manure (FYM) and 500 g single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizer which helps to facilitating better root penetration and water conservation in basaltic terrain. The mixture of black soil and native murrum proved as a good mitigation option to tackle drought and edaphic stresses in Grape. In grape (variety: Thompson seedless), the yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under different irrigation treatments varies from 18 t/ha to 23 t/ha and 4.94 to 7.2 kg/m3, respectively. The water saving of 29.2 % was observed under applying deficit irrigation during shoot growth stages and berry growth stage of crop with yield reduction of 7.9 % and increase of water productivity of 33 % was found best. The irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was found more 6.2 kg/m3 in plant grown in mixed soil (native and black soil 50:50) followed by black (6.0 kg/m3) and native soil 5.0 kg/m3. Hence, the mixed soil i.e., 50:50 native murrum and black soil found suitable for planting of grape orchard to overcome the edaphic and drought stress and also improving water productivity of Grape. To achieve maximum water productivity under limited water condition in grape, stress may be given during shoot growth stages (after April and October pruning) and berry growth development.
Benefits/Utility	:
About 8% land of the country is rocky and barren. The technology provides an opportunity for the alternative planting method with filling soil mixtures with native and black soil (1:1) proportion in trenches under rocky terrain condition/shallow murrum soil. The deficit irrigation scheduled at different growth stages for increasing water use efficiency and quality of berries and identifying advantageous soil amendments under deficit irrigation in Grape orchard (Variety: Thompson seedless). The standardised orchard establishment method with deficit irrigation strategy will benefit for mitigating edaphic and drought stress and increase in economic longevity of Grape orchards grown on rocky and barren land.
How To Use	:
• Making trenches: Prepare the layout marking in fields as per spacing recommendations (2.50 m - 3.00 m) and make the trenches with the help of excavator machine. If the rock is very hard, breaker may be used to achieve required depth. Final pit dimension to be maintained as 1 m with and 0.75 m depth. Remove all the materials from pit and keep only fine material aside for filling mixture. • Filling of pits: Trenches so formed are to be filled with soil mixture. Mix native murrum soil with black soil in 1:1 proportion and fill in the pit along with 20 kg FYM and 500 g SSP per vine. • Planting: Re-mark the layout and plant the Dogridge rootstock in the trenches as per spacing (1.5 m – 2.0 m) followed by immediate watering through drip system. • Variety: Thomson seedless variety scion was grafted on rootstock after six months. The plant yield was taken after two and half years. The deficit irrigation strategies were applied at different growth stages after development. The harvesting of grapes was carried out on reaching maturity indices. • Water and nutrient management o For water management drip irrigation system to be installed with two drippers per vine with discharge of 4 L hr-1 each. o Deficit irrigation should be scheduled on the basis of 40 percent daily pan evaporation during shoot growth stages and berry development stage and other stages irrigation scheduled on the basis of 60 percent daily pan evaporation. o Basal dose of fertilizers to be applied along with 20 kg FYM per plant at the time of pruning. Further nutrient requirements are met with soluble fertilizers through drip irrigation i.e., fertigation. • Pest and disease control o Clean cultivation to be followed in orchard to avoid diseases like anthracnose, downy mildew and powdery mildew and management of insect pests like flea beetle, thrips, jassids, caterpillars, mealy bug, etc. o Immediately after back and forward pruning, dispose of biomass away from vineyard and carry out prophylactic spraying of Bordeaux mixture 1% to reduce inoculum load. o Follow the recommended spray schedule along with cultivation practices and canopy management for integrated disease and pest management. • Training and Pruning o Back pruning is to be carried out during summer to build foundation of crop through fruit bud differentiation and food storage in grapevines. While forward pruning is carried out at the start of winter for actual production. o Ideal canopy management practices need to be followed to maintain desired number of fruiting units on grapevine and simultaneously opening canopy for better ventilation and sunlight utilization. o Maintain about 10 shoots per Sq.mt. of area earmarked for grapevines. • Harvesting and post harvesting o Grapes become ready for harvesting during March-April month depending of time of forward pruning generally in 130-140 days after pruning depending on variety and accumulated growing degree days. o Grape being non-climacteric fruit should be picked when fully ripe. o At maturity it reaches TSS 16-18 °B with titratable acidity 0.3-0.4%. o Grapes should be graded on the basis of bunch weight, berry size and appearance.
Technology Spread	:
The technology is disseminated through KVKs, state departments and also institute visits, technical bulletin, folders and VDO exhibiting land development activities at ICAR-NIASM.
TargetUsers/Stake holders	:	Farmers having barren land with hard basaltic strata
Technology Contact..
Name	:	Director
Email	:	director@niam.res.in,director.niasm@icar.gov.in
Phone Number	:	02112-254055
Fax Number	:	02112-254056
Address	:	ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management,Malegaon, Baramati,Malegaon-413115
Keyword for Technology	:	Abiotic stress, basalt rock, shallow soil, grape, deficit irrigation, soil mixture

Technology Development Details Part-2

Project Details (Through which technology was developed)	:	Evaluation of water saving techniques for fruits and vegetables in shallow soils of semi-arid region (IXX10721)
Time of Initiation Technology Development	:	6-2014
Time of Completion Technology Development	:	5-2017
Technology Validated by	:	Within ICAR
Technology Validation Details..
Subject Matter Division	:	{{smdOb.smdName}}
Organization Name(if within ICAR)	:	ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management,Malegaon
Organization Name(if outside ICAR,Please enter)	:
Year of Validation(YYYY)	:	5-2016
Year of Release/Adoption(YYYY)	:	5-2018
Country	:	India
Minimum Temperature	:	10.7
Maximum Temperature	:	39.8
Average Temperature	:	30.8
Average Rainfall	:	588

Applies To(Regional Differentiation)Inform Part-3

Location...
Zone(As per the planning commission)	:	All Not Applicable {{zone.planningzoneName}}
Sub zone(As per the planning commission)	:	All Not Applicable {{zonesub.agroName}}, {{zonesub.Region}}
AgroEcological Zone(NBSS & LUP)	:	All Not Applicable {{agrozone.nbssaerName}}
AgroEcological Sub Zone(NBSS & LUP)	:	All Not Applicable {{agrosubzone.nbssaesrName}}
State Name	:	All Not Applicable {{state.stateName}}
District Name	:	All Not Applicable {{dist.distName}}
Farmer Details..
Farmer Land Holding Size	:	'Agriculture'
Farmer Type	:	'Medium'
Water Availability Status	:	Irrigated
Soil Type/Resource Type..
Soil Order	:	All Not Applicable {{soilorder.soilorderName}}
Soil Sub Order	:	All Not Applicable {{soilsuborder.soilsubName}}
Soil great group	:	All Not Applicable {{soilgreat.soilgreatName}}
Soil great sub group	:	All Not Applicable {{soilgreatsub.soilgreatsubName}}
Commodity Details..
Commodity	:	All Not Applicable {{commodity.commodityName}}
Commodity Type	:	All Not Applicable {{commoditytype.commoditytypeName}}
Commodity Name	:	All Not Applicable {{commodityname.commodityName}}

Publication Related To Technology Part-4

Publication Related To Technology Part-4

Research Paper information..

1. Nangare D D, Yogeshwar Singh, Mahesh Kumar, P Suresh Kumar, P B Taware, J Rane, P S Minhas and N P Singh (2018 ). Effect of deficit irrigation and bio-regulator on enzymatic activities, yield and water use efficiency of Grape grown in different soil mixtures under semi-arid region , Proceedings of ‘Global Water Security conference for Agriculture and Natural Resources’ , -., -., American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE).

2. Nangare D D, Yogeshwar Singh, Mahesh Kumar, Pravin Taware and J. Rane. (2020 ). Evaluation of deficit irrigation strategy with mulch and bio-regulator for management of water stress, improving water productivity and quality of fruit crops in semi-arid region , Souvenir of 54th Annual convention of ISAE and International symposium on ‘Artificial Intelligence based future technologies in Agriculture’ , -., -., Indian society of Agricultural Engineers (ISAE) , New Delhi.

Popular Article Information..

1. Nangare D D, P. Suresh kumar, Singh Yogeshwar, Mahesh Kumar, Pravin Taware, P S Minhas and N P Singh (2019). Deficit irrigation as on-farm strategy for improving water productivity of horticulture crops grown under limited water in shallow basaltic terrain., Technology bulletin of ICAR-NIASM, Technical bulletin No 33, ICAR-NIASM, Baramati. 25.

Books Chapter Information..

1. (2018). Training manual of ICAR sponsored summer school on ‘Climate change and abiotic stress management strategies for doubling farmer’s income’, 77-92. Deficit irrigation strategy for management of abiotic stress in horticulture crops, , Yogeshwar Singh, Mahesh Kumar, NP Singh ICAR-NIASM, Baramati.

2. (2019). Training manual of 21 days winter school on ‘Climate smart agricultural technologies for resource conservation and increasing farmer’s income, 127-143. Deficit irrigation strategies for management of abiotic stresses in horticulture crops, , Mahesh Kumar, Kamlesh Kumar Meena, J. Rane ICAR-NIASM, Baramati.

3. (2017). Manual of Model training course on ‘Climate Smart Agriculture for Enhancing Crop and Water Productivity under Abiotic Stress Conditions’, 30-40. Deficit irrigation strategy for management of abiotic stress in horticulture crops, , Yogeshwar Singh, Mahesh kumar N P Singh ICAR-NIASM, Baramati.