General Part-1

Technology Code:-	:	201629534409748
Organization Details...
Subject Matter Division	:	{{smdOb.smdName}}
Organization Name	:	{{orgOb.orgName}} ,{{orgOb.City}}
AICRP name if any (AICRP)	:	All Not Applicable {{aicrpOb.aicrpName}}
Details of Inventors..
Principal Inventor	:	Dr. Vijaysinha D. Kakade
Principal Inventor Designation:	:	Scientist (Fruit Science)
Principal Inventor Email	:	Vijaysinha.kakade@icar.gov.in
Principal Inventor Address	:	ICAR-NIASM, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra
Co-Inventor Name	:	D.D. Nangare, Pravin Taware, Sangram Chavan, RajKumar and H Pathak
Co-Inventor Email	:	dd.nangare@icar.gov.in, pravin.taware@icar.gov.in, sangram.bhanudas@icar.gov.in, rajkumar3@icar.gov.in and hpathak.iari@gmail.com
Technology Name	:	High-density planting in mango for enhancing yield and resource use efficiency under abiotic stress conditions
Technology Details..
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Complete Details of Technology:	:
Mango (Mangifera indica) is considered as the king of fruit. It has been cultivated in South and Southeast Asia since ancient times and is highly demanded by people of all ages. It is the national fruit of India. Traditionally mango orchards have been planted on large spacing of 10 x 10 m. This results in lowering the productivity of mango per unit land area. To meet the increasing demand, high density planting in mango could be a viable option, particularly in the abiotic stressed areas. The high density planting technology has been developed and validated in the basaltic rocky area for improving yield and resource utilization per unit of land in mango. In this technology, pits of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m dimensions are prepared with the help of excavator machine at the spacing of 4 x 3 m. The pits are filled with soil mixture comprising native murrum soil with black soil in 1:1 proportion along with 20 kg farm yard manure (FYM) and 500 g single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizer. The mango saplings (variety ‘Kesar’) are planted in the pits followed by watering in the year 2013. The standard canopy management practices mainly timely and proper pruning are followed to achieve satisfactory development and fruiting of the plants during the subsequent years. Drip irrigation with laterals having two drippers with discharge of 4 L hr-1 was installed since beginning of planting to make efficient use of water. The yield started in mango in the 4th year of planting.
Brief Description of Technology Including Salient Features:
High density planting of mango has been established on land developed from barren and uncultivable terrain basalt rocks. It was porous, shallow in depth, gravelly, low in organic matter, high bulk density and poor water retention capacity in nature. Hence the planting of mango was done by digging pits of 1 m3 dimensions and filled with mixture of native murrum soil with black soil at 1:1 ratio and 20 kg FYM. Use of mixed soil resulted in improved soil moisture holding and nutrient retention capacity, which helped good establishment of plants. Timely and proper pruning of branches, being major component in high density planting ensured good canopy development with improved aeration in the orchard and higher yield of quality mangoes. This technology will benefit farmers in several ways including higher yield with quality per unit of land; efficient utilization of resources e.g. land, water, fertilizers, etc.; easy intercultural operations and mechanisation and ease of harvesting.
Benefits/Utility	:
This technology of establishing high density planting of mango in conjugation with proper pit filling mixture provides an opportunity for development lands having poorly developed soil, with low water and nutrient retention capacity. This technology ensures better establishment of mango on rocky barren land and give higher yield per unit of land with good quality of mango by reducing water, nutrient deficit stresses.
How To Use	:
• Layout of orchard: Proper position of pits shall be marked at the spacing of 4.0 x 3.5 m for preparation of pits with the help of pegs and rope. • Making pits: After marking of location of pits, excavator machines may be used for preparation of pits having dimension of 1 m3, as the sites are very hardy in nature. Hand held breaker can be used in case where hard pan occurs. After digging of pits with desired dimensions, large boulders shall be removed and pits may be left as such for a few weeks to expose it to direct sun to make it free from soil borne diseases, pests and weeds. • Filling of pits: Filling of pits shall be done with mixture of native murrum and black soil. Additionally, well decomposed 20 kg FYM mixed to each pit and 500 g single super phosphate (SSP) as basal dose. Pits are then levelled and remarking of planting positions shall be done. • Planting: Planting of well hardened plants of mango at the remarked spots is done after receiving of 2-3 monsoon rains and or after ensured sufficient moisture availability. Soil around the plant shall be pressed properly to avoid formation of air pockets which is to be followed by immediate watering. • Variety: The ‘Kesar’ variety mango is one of the best mangoes, which are famous for their fruit quality, attractiveness fruit and pulp colour, taste and good shelf life. Kesar mangoes are mostly grown in Western India including Maharashtra and Gujarat. • Water and nutrient management o For water management drip irrigation system to be installed at canopy shadow periphery/boundary with two drippers with discharge of 4 L hr-1. o Irrigation water requirement should be decided on the basis of crop coefficient (Kc) and local PAN based rate of evapotranspiration (ETr). o Basal dose of fertilizers to be applied along with 20 kg FYM per plant at the time of pruning. Further nutrient requirements are met through fertigation. • Pest and disease control o Clean cultivation to be followed in orchard to avoid diseases like fungal fruit rot, bacterial blight and pests like fruit borer. Remove diseased twigs and infected fruits should be burned outside the orchard. o Spraying of wettable sulphur @ 2.0 g L-1 and Azadiractin 1% @ 1.25 ml L-1 was carried out in during February last week to check powdery mildew and hopper pest. o During March infestation of aphids was observed with sticky exudates on leaves. Therefore, in mid-March spraying of Fipronil @ 0.8 ml L-1 and Carbendezim 1.0 g L-1. o Thorough spraying of Bordeaux mixture 1% on orchard after pruning is required. o Fruit fly traps @ 20 per hectare will help for control fruit fly. • Pruning o Punning in the high density planting is necessary to maintain balance between vegetative and reproductive growth, to maintain the proper canopy of tree in orchard for better penetration of light, circulation of air and for ease of intercultural operations. o Mango bears on mature shoots i.e., more than 3 months old. Hence, pruning operation shall be initiated in mango just after harvesting of mango so that sufficient time to be made available for new flush initiation and its maturation. o Pruning should be done to open up the canopy, removal of lower branches, and to maintain the canopy diameter within the limit, to avoid mingling of branches. o Post pruning prophylactic spray of proper fungicide e.g. copper oxy chloride (2 g L-1) to avoid any fungal infection. o Pruned parts mainly leaves and soft stems may be crushed in the field itself by rotavator, which will act as soil cover and add dry matter to soil on decomposition. o To improve the vegetative growth after pruning, good care of irrigation and nutrition needs to be taken. • Harvesting and post harvesting o Fruits become ready for harvesting during the month of May-June i.e., 100-115 days after flowering. o Other maturity indices like depression at the stalk end, change of colour from dark green to light green or light yellow, specific gravity (1.00-1.02), tapka stage (fall of few ripe fruits naturally) shall be considered before harvesting of fruits.
Technology Spread	:
The technology is disseminated through KVKs, state departments and also institute visits, technical bulletin and VDO exhibiting land development activities at ICAR-NIASM.
TargetUsers/Stake holders	:	Farmers having barren land with hard basaltic strata.
Technology Contact..
Name	:	Director
Email	:	director@niam.res.in,director.niasm@icar.gov.in
Phone Number	:	02112-254055
Fax Number	:	02112-254056
Address	:	ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management,Malegaon, Baramati,Malegaon-413115
Alternate Contact..
Name	:	Mr Vijaysinha Dhanasingrao Kakade
Email	:	vijaysinha.kakade@icar.gov.in
Phone No	:	7387359426
Keyword for Technology	:	Abiotic stress, basalt rock, high density planting, soil mixture

Technology Development Details Part-2

Project Details (Through which technology was developed)	:	Techniques to obviate edaphic stresses in orchards grown on shallow basaltic soils
Time of Initiation Technology Development	:	3-2013
Time of Completion Technology Development	:	5-2021
Technology Validated by	:	Within ICAR
Technology Validation Details..
Subject Matter Division	:	{{smdOb.smdName}}
Organization Name(if within ICAR)	:	ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management,Malegaon
Organization Name(if outside ICAR,Please enter)	:
Year of Release/Adoption(YYYY)	:	6-2021
Minimum Temperature	:	10.7
Maximum Temperature	:	39.8
Average Temperature	:	30.9
Average Rainfall	:	588

Applies To(Regional Differentiation)Inform Part-3

Location...
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AgroEcological Sub Zone(NBSS & LUP)	:	All Not Applicable {{agrosubzone.nbssaesrName}}
State Name	:	All Not Applicable {{state.stateName}}
District Name	:	All Not Applicable {{dist.distName}}
Water Availability Status	:	Irrigated
Soil Type/Resource Type..
Soil Order	:	All Not Applicable {{soilorder.soilorderName}}
Soil Sub Order	:	All Not Applicable {{soilsuborder.soilsubName}}
Soil great group	:	All Not Applicable {{soilgreat.soilgreatName}}
Soil great sub group	:	All Not Applicable {{soilgreatsub.soilgreatsubName}}
Commodity Details..
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Commodity Type	:	All Not Applicable {{commoditytype.commoditytypeName}}
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Publication Related To Technology Part-4

Technical Bulletin information..

1. Minhas, P.S., Bal, S.K., Suresh Kumar, P., Yogeshwar Singh, Wakchurae, G.C., Gadge, S.V., Nangare, D.D. and Taware and P.B (2015). Turning basaltic terrain into Model research farm: Chronicle description., ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Mangement, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, Technical bulletin-8.