KRISHI
ICAR RESEARCH DATA REPOSITORY FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
(An Institutional Publication and Data Inventory Repository)
"Not Available": Please do not remove the default option "Not Available" for the fields where metadata information is not available
"1001-01-01": Date not available or not applicable for filling metadata infromation
"1001-01-01": Date not available or not applicable for filling metadata infromation
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/14997
Title: | Accelerated development of quality protein maize hybrid through marker-assisted interogression of opaque-2 allele. |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Gupta HS, Babu R, Agrawal PK, Mahajan V, Hossain F and Thrunavukkarasu N. |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::Indian Institute of Maize Research |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2013-01-01 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | quality protein maize hybrid through marker-assisted interogression of opaque-2 allele |
Publisher: | Not Available |
Citation: | Not Available |
Series/Report no.: | Not Available; |
Abstract/Description: | Abstract Vivek Maize Hybrid 9‐ a popular single‐cross hybrid developed by crossing CM 212 and CM 145 was released for commercial cultivation in India. The parental lines, being deficient in lysine and tryptophan, were selected for introgression of opaque‐2 allele using CML 180 and CML 170 as donor lines through marker‐assisted backcross breeding. The opaque‐2 homozygous recessive genotypes with >90% recovery of the recurrent parent genome were selected in BC2F2, and the seeds with <25% opaqueness in BC2F3 were forwarded for seed multiplication. Vivek Quality Protein Maize (QPM) 9, the improved QPM hybrid, showed 41% increase in tryptophan and 30% increase in lysine over the original hybrid. The grain yield of the improved hybrid was on par with the original hybrid. The newly improved QPM maize hybrid released in 2008 will help in reducing the protein malnutrition because its biological value is superior over the normal maize hybrids. This short duration QPM maize hybrid has been adopted in several hill states of North Western and North Eastern Himalayan regions. Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of food for more than one billion people in subSaharan Africa and Latin America, where animal source of protein is expensive for the common people (www.fao.org). Maize is an important cereal in Asia, but here, more than half of the produce is used by livestock industry, resulting in rapid economic growth and affordability to buy poultry products. Cereal proteins contain on an average 2% lysine, which is less than one‐half of the concentration recommended for human nutrition by the Food and Agriculture Organization (www.fao.org). In developing countries, about 32% of preschool children are stunted, and 20% are underweight due to protein malnutrition (Black et al. 2008). Normal maize is a good source of basic dietary requirement, but the lack of lysine and tryptophan, the two essential amino acids (Nelson 1969), poses a problem to meet the daily balanced protein requirement. However, after the discovery of opaque‐2 (o2) allele and its introduction into normal maize lines, a better overall amino acid balance was achieved in the seed, which enriched the quality of the protein (Mertz et al. 1964, Bjarnason and Vasal 1992). The o2 mutation in maize was first described by Jones and Singleton in 1920 (Singleton 1939), but the effect of such mutations on protein accumulation in endosperm was not established for almost thirty years until researchers at Purdue University, USA, showed that o2 caused a mutation that enhances lysine content in the endosperm (nearly doubled) as compared with the wild genotype. Mertz et al. (1964, 1965) first reported the nutritional significance of o2 mutation. Zeins, in particular α‐zeins, are the most abundant proteins in the maize endosperm, but they are known to be poor in two essential amino acids viz., tryptophan and lysine. The o2 allele when present in homozygous condition reduces the production of the α‐zeins (Damerval and deVienne 1993, Habben et al. 1993), and increases the level of lysine (Moro et al. 1996). The molecular characterization of o2 allele revealed that it encodes a transcriptional factor that regulates the expression of zein genes (Lohmer et al. 1991, Bass et al. 1992). The higher level of lysine in the endosperm is attributed to the reduction of 22‐kDa α‐zeins and simultaneous increase of non‐zein proteins (Habben et al. 1995). The discovery of o2 mutant and its association with higher level of lysine showed a great potential to breed nutritionally rich maize (Burnett and Larkins 1999). However, researchers found that the o2 allele was also associated with undesirable agronomic traits such as low grain yield and reduced kernel density, which led to mechanical damage and susceptibility to pests (Lambert et al. 1969, Salamini et al. 1970). These negative attributes hampered the exploitation of o2 mutant in breeding programmes (Ortega and Bates 1983, Krivanek et al. 2007) and its widespread adoption (Lauderdale 2002). Later, ‘o2 modifiers’, a series of genes that could improve the vitreousness of the kernels, were identified to overcome the negative pleiotropic effects of the o2 gene (Bjarnason et al. 1976, Ortega and Bates 1983). Although the inheritance of o2 modifiers was complex (Vasal et al. 1980), it paved the way in selecting hard endosperm in the presence of o2 gene (Burnett and Larkins 1999). Genotypes with o2 allele and o2 modifiers having elevated lysine and tryptophan level but without the negative effect of soft endosperm were termed as ‘Quality Protein Maize’ (QPM) (Vasal et al. 1980, Bjarnason and Vasal 1992, Geevers and Lake 1992). The normal‐looking QPM kernel with enriched nutrient content made it generally acceptable and commercially successful. However, the improvement of lysine and tryptophan was also controlled by another set of genes called ‘amino acid modifiers’ (Krivanek et al. 2007). The genetics of amino acid modifiers is not well understood. Nevertheless, accumulation of favourable amino acid modifiers in o2 genetic background was accomplished by recombination breeding, and subsequently, several QPM pools were generated to provide genetic stocks for QPM breeding programmes (Sofi et al. 2009). Breeding for QPM genotypes becomes straightforward with the help of o2 locus‐specific simple sequence repeats (SSRs). phi57, phi112 and umc1066 are the three SSRs (www.agron.missouri.edu) located within the o2 locus, which are useful for the QPM breeders to discard non‐QPM genotypes at seedling stage and to select heterozygous and homozygous genotypes for o2 during marker‐assisted breeding (Babu et al. 2005, Gupta et al. 2009). We report here the introgression of o2 allele using gene‐specific markers to the parental lines of a released Indian maize hybrid through marker‐assisted backcross breeding followed by reconstitution of the original hybrid with enhanced lysine and tryptophan content. |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Research Paper |
Sponsors: | Not Available |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Plant Breeding (Zeitschrift fur pflanzenzuchtung) |
NAAS Rating: | 7.66 |
Volume No.: | 132 |
Page Number: | 77-82 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | Not Available |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pbr.12009 |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/14997 |
Appears in Collections: | CS-IIMR-Publication |
Files in This Item:
There are no files associated with this item.
Items in KRISHI are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.