In situ and ex situ rainwater conservation in Kandi region of Punjab for sustainable agriculture. (Punjabi Version)

Abstract

Punjab state has been divided into six agro-climatic regions on the basis of variations in physiography, underground quality and quantity of water, amount of rainfall and moisture index. Sub-mountainous undulating region locally known as Kandi area has been termed as Zone I. The dictionary meaning of Kandi is land along the bank of river or along foothills, submontane region. The region is spread in five districts namely; Pathankot, Hoshiarpur, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Roop Nagar and Ajitgarh (Mohali). The Kandi area lies between 30 21'48" to 32 30' North o o latitudes and 75 32' 12" to 75 56' East longitudes covering an area of o o approximately 0.393mha, which constitutes about 7.8% of 5.03 million ha geographical area of Punjab state. Geologically, the area forms a part of the Shivalik hills constituting piedmont and alluvial piedmont. The piedmonts are sited on the upper conglomerate beds mainly on a bed of clay intermixed with pebbles and cobbles and nodular concretions and in the plains, it is alluvium deposits. Fluvial action of choes, erosion and deposition are the geomorphic processes prevalent in the Kandi area of Punjab.