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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BUDAGUMPA-2 (4D3A9E1d) MICROWATERSHED Irakallagada Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Budagumpa-2 (4D3A9E1d) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ.145, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.113 & 37. |
Series/Report no.: | 145; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Budagumpa-2 microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 535ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 79per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent mining/industrial, 10 per cent byrock outcrops and eight per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 14soil series and 23soil phases (management units) and 6land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About5per cent of the soils are shallow (50-75 cm), 22per cent of the soils aremoderately deep(75-100 cm), about 28per cent are deep soils (100-150 cm) and 24per cent area has very deep (>150 cm) soils. About 32 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface, 44 per cent loamy soils and 3 per cent sandy soils at the surface. About 58per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils and21per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel)soils. About 18 per cent arevery low (<50 mm/m),29 per cent low (51-100 mm/m), 12 per cent are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 21 per cent high to very high (151->200 mm/m)in available water capacity. About 75 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%)lands. An area of about 20 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and59 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 2per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 17 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),55 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and 5 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is<2 dSm-1and as such the soils are nonsaline. Organic carbon islow (<0.5%) in about 23per cent,23 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) and 34 per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha)in about <1 per cent, medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 14per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in65 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 53 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 26 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 58 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 14per cent and about 6per cent area is high (>20 ppm). Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 37 per cent area,38per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 4 per cent. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 41 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 39 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 48 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 32 per cent area. Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticulturalcrops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 69 (13) 119 (22) Pomegranate 58 (11) 198 (37) Maize 17 (3) 107 (20) Guava 48 (9) 125 (23) Bajra 75 (14) 145 (27) Jackfruit 58 (11) 116 (22) Red gram 58 (11) 128 (24) Jamun 31 (6) 207 (39) Bengalgram 51 (10) 138 (26) Musambi 78 (15) 177 (33) Groundnut 48 (9) 267 (50) Lime 78 (15) 177 (33) Sunflower 78(15) 110 (35) Cashew 48 (9) 110 (21) Cotton 61 (11) 127 (24) Custard apple 112 (21) 266 (50) Chilli 58 (11) 77(14) Amla 92 (17) 287 (54) Tomato 58 (11) 49 (9) Tamarind 31 (6) 110 (21) Drumstick 58 (11) 254 (48) Marigold 48 (9) 140 (26) Mulbery 58 (11) 293 (55) Chrysanthemum 48 (9) 140 (26) Mango 31 (6) 27 (5) Jasmine 48 (9) 58 (11) Sapota 58 (11) 116 (22) Crossandra 48 (9) 82 (15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan and drainage line treatment have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Budagumpa-2 is located at 15024’44.821’’ to 150 2’24.481’’ North and 760 19’ 15.938’’ to 76017’49.473’’ covering an area of about 534.7 ha coming under Dhanakanadddi, Budhagumpaand, Kerihalli and Balebavi villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 respondents, 5 (13.89%) were landless, 2 (5.56%) were marginal farmers, 16 (44.44%) were small farmers, 9 (25%) were semi medium farmers and 4 (11.11%) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 93 (51.96%) men and 85 (47.49%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 5, marginal and semi medium farmers’ was 4.5, small farmers’ was 4.8 and medium farmers’ was 6.5. Majority of the respondents 21 (11.73%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 85 (45.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (29.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (11.73%) were above 61 years of age. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 39.66 per cent illiterates, 0.56 per cent of them had functional literate, 21.23 per cent of them had primary school, 2.23 per cent of them had Middle school education, 14.53 per cent of them had high school, 11.17 per cent of them had PUC and 5.59 per cent of them had degree education. About, 63.89 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 38.89 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 37.99 per cent of the household members, 43.02 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.12 per cent were general labour and government service, 1.68 per cent were private services, 11.73 per cent were student and 3.35 per cent were children. The households possess, 0.56 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in gram panchayat and 99.44 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. In the study area, 100 per cent of the households possess katcha houses. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 72.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.89 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 52.78 per cent of the household’s possess motor cycle and 97.22 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 19.44 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 38.89 per cent each of the households possess plough and weeder, 8.33 per cent of the households possess tractor, 22.22 2 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of the households possess sprinkler and harvester, 13.89 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter and 2.78 per cent of the households possess earth remover/ duster. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 19.44 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.56 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and buffalo, 2.78 per cent of the households possess sheep. The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, average own labour (women) available was 1.87, average hired labour (men) available was 19.42 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.42. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 14.79 ha (32.08%) of dry land, 24.62 ha (53.41%) of irrigated land and 6.69 ha (14.51%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 0.81 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 8.62 ha (54.38%) of dry land and 7.23 ha (45.62%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.17 ha (42.55%) of dry land and 8.33 ha (57.45 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.25 ha (55.22%) of irrigated land and 6.69 ha (44.78 %) of permanent fallow land. There were 23 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 63.89 per cent of the farmers. The major crops have grown maize (24.02 ha), Bajra (9.31 ha), Red gram (6.04 ha), sunflower (4.25 ha), tomato (2.02 ha), Bengal gram (1.74 ha), paddy (1.72 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), Bengal gram (0.96 ha), cotton (0.51 ha) and cucumber (0.4 ha). The cropping intensity in Budagumpa-2 Micro watershed was found to be 108.16 per cent. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, Red gram, Bajra, Cotton, Tomato, Sunflower, cucumber, paddy and chilly was Rs. 33815.68, 49462.71, 24956.92, 15853.57, 61114.93, 31661.62, 36603.03, 35928.21, 86512.12 and 29662.81 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.78, 1:2.42, 1:2.14, 1:0.78, 1:2.82, 1:2.24, 1:1.42, 1:1.37, 1:1.24 and 1:1.11 respectively. Further, 22.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 19.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate, 38.89 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. 3 The average annual gross income was Rs. 24,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 75,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 147,187.50, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 158,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500. The average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,767.75. For landless farmers it was Rs. 5,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 17,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 10,718.75, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 15,098.77 and medium farmers it was Rs. 14,062.50. Sampled households have planted 387 coconut and 5 pomegranate trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. Households have planted 200 eucalyptus, 201 teak, 122 neem, 6 tamarind, 2 acacia, 5 banyan and 1 peepul trees in their field and also 100 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,111.11 for land development, Rs. 666.67 for improved crop production and Rs. 166.67 for subsidiary enterprises. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 19.44 per cent for land development, 16.67 per cent for improved crop production and 11.11 per cent for subsidiary enterprises. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 25 per cent for land development, 22.22 per cent for improved crop production and 5.56 per cent for subsidiary enterprises. Regarding marketing channels, 55.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. Further, 2.78 per cent of the households have used head load, cart and truck, 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation. Majority of the households 36.11 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems. The household possess, (50%) were interested towards soil testing. The household’s possess, 66.67 per cent of the households used fire wood and 33.33 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 66.67 per cent and 33.33 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 27.78 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 5.56 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards and 94.44 per cent of the sample households possesses BPL cards. Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 61.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 66.67 per cent, fruits were 4 adequate for 2.78 per cent, milk were adequate for 86.11 per cent, egg were adequate for 69.44 per cent and meat were adequate for 66.67 per cent of the households. Pulses were inadequate for 38.89 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 61.11 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 69.44 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.56 per cent, egg were inadequate for 13.89 per cent and meat were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 22.22 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (38.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.44%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (41.67%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (55.56%), high rate of interest on credit (27.78%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (69.44%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (52.78%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (30.56%), less rainfall (36.11%) and Source of Agri-technology information (33.33%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.113 & 37. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/37736 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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