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DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2020-07-01T05:36:12Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2020-07-01T05:36:12Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2019-12-31 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2018). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Haligeri-1 (4D4A1T1e) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.136, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.107 & 37. | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | Not Available | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/37881 | - |
dc.description | Not Available | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | The land resource inventory of Haligeri-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 410 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About <1 per cent of the soils are very shallow (<25 cm), 30 per cent are shallow (25-50 cm), 21 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 6 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), about 30 per cent are deep (100-150 cm) and 10 per cent area are very deep (>150 cm) in soil depth. Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface. About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils and 51 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils. About <1 per cent are very low (<50 mm/m), 51 per cent are low (51-100 mm/m), 17 per cent are medium (101-150 mm/m), 29 per cent are very high (151-200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 6 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) and 91 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 77 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 21 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 2 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 8 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 66 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 9.0) and 21 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of all the soils is <2 dS m-1 and as such the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in about 45 per cent and 53 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorous content is low (<23 kg/ha) in about 75 per cent and medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 22 percent area. Available potassium content is medium (145-337kg/ha) in about 45 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 53 per cent area. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 56 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 22 per cent and about 19 per cent area is high (>20 ppm). Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 2 per cent area, 67 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 28 per cent. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 5 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 93 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 91 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 6 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (29) 156 (38) Pomegranate - 189 (46) Maize - 71 (17) Guava - 71 (17) Bajra 71 (17) - Jackfruit - 71 (17) Red gram - 188 (46) Jamun - 189 (46) Bengalgram 117 (29) 157 (38) Musambi 93 (23) 95 (23) Groundnut 46 (11) 25 (6) Lime 93 (23) 95 (23) Sunflower 93 (23) 95 (23) Cashew - 25 (6) Cotton 117 (29) 157 (38) Custard apple 188 (46) 86 (21) Chilli 25 (6) 46 (11) Amla 71 (17) 203 (50) Tomato 25 (6) 46 (11) Tamarind - 164 (40) Drumstick - 189 (46) Marigold - 275 (67) Mulberry 46 (11) 102 (25) Chrysanthemum - 275 (67) Mango - 46 (11) Jasmine - 157 (38) Sapota - 71 (17) Crossandra - 188 (46) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 70 (50.36%) men and 69 (49.64%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 3.5, marginal farmers’ was 3.79, small farmers’ was 4.2, semi medium farmers’ was 5 and medium farmers’ was 4.25. The data indicated that, 26 (18.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 58 (41.73%) were in 16-35 years of age, 37 (26.62%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (12.95%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Haligeri-1 had 33.09 per cent illiterates, 33.81 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.76 per cent of them had middle school education, 11.51 per cent of them had high school education, 9.35 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.72 per cent did ITI and 3.60 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.74 per cent of the household members, 53.24 per cent were agricultural laborers, 20.14 per cent were students, 2.16 per cent were children and 0.72 per cent were housewives. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 91.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 45.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess bicycle, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of them possess car/four wheeler and 77.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,012, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,900, bicycle was Rs. 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 31,250, car/four wheeler was Rs.1,50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,912. About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess harvester, 8.57 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 54.29 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,012, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,900, bicycle was Rs. 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 31,250, car/four wheeler was Rs.1,50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,912. 2 About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess harvester, 8.57 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 54.29 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,000, plough was Rs. 2,033, tractor was Rs. 466,666, harvester was Rs. 32,000, chaff cutter was Rs. 2320 and the average value of weeder was Rs.30. The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1, average own labour (women) available was 1.19, average hired labour (men) available was 5.68 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.86. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Haligeri-1 micro-watershed possess 30.53 ha (78.47%) of dry land and 8.38 ha (21.53%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.77 ha (95.26%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (4.74%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.49 ha (87.15%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (12.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.56 ha (83.51%) of dry land and 1.30 ha (16.49%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.71 ha (60.09%) of dry land and 5.79 ha (39.91%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 271,716.37 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 334,106.28. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 532,062.97 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 218,422.99 for dry land and Rs. 494,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 182,850.09 for dry land and Rs. 463,124.99 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 80,306.55 for dry land and Rs. 207,272.73 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 8 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 7.66 meters. The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.49 ha, 0.81 ha, 1.30 ha and 2.43 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (37.51 ha), sunflower (5.79 ha), Bengal gram (3.01 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), sorghum (1.21 ha), bajra (0.81 ha) 3 and groundnut (0.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown all the above crops except sunflower. Small farmers, semi medium farmer and medium farmers have grown maize and sunflower. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haligeri-1 micro-watershed was found to be 126.03 per cent. The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households borrowed from commercial bank, 16.67 per cent of them borrowed from friends/relatives, 38.89 per cent of the households borrowed from grameena banks, 5.56 per cent of the households borrowed from money lender and 38.89 per cent of the households borrowed from SHGs/CBOs. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 109,488.89. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of the households availed credit for the purpose of agricultural production and 9.09 per cent of them availed credit for the purchase of agricultural implements/farm machinery. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the credit borrowed from private credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38857.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42316.33. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 3458.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 35645.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48370.83. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 12725.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36. The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 47010.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57892.21. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 10881.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. 4 The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 39164.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56810. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 17645.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 27107.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56337.56. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 29229.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 55222.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42422.25. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -12800.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.77. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 58696.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -14236.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76. The results indicate that, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households opined that it was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 80,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 83,167.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 81,990, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 128,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 148,750. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,285.54. For landless households it was Rs. 8,859.38, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,125.20, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,510, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,562.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 15,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 10 teak and 7 neem trees in their field. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, bengalgram was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.86 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 33.33 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 17.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 62.86 per cent of them sold their produce in regulated market. The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 5 The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 54.29 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 11.43 per cent, milk was adequate for 20 per cent, eggs were adequate for 11.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.71 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, milk was inadequate for 77.14 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 74.29 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.43%), inadequate extension services (14.29%), less rainfall (57.14%) and source of agri-technology information (11.43%). | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project | en_US |
dc.language.iso | English | en_US |
dc.publisher | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | 136; | - |
dc.subject | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project | en_US |
dc.title | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HALIGERI-1 (4D4A1T1e) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka | en_US |
dc.title.alternative | Not Available | en_US |
dc.type | Project Report | en_US |
dc.publication.projectcode | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.journalname | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.volumeno | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.pagenumber | p.107 & 37. | en_US |
dc.publication.divisionUnit | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru | en_US |
dc.publication.sourceUrl | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.authorAffiliation | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning | en_US |
dc.ICARdataUseLicence | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf | en_US |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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136. Haligeri-1 (4D4A1T1e).pdf | 16.34 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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