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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HALIGER-4 (4D4A1T1d) & HALIGER-5 (4D4A1T1c) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, S.C. Ramesh Kumar, K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, S.C. Ramesh Kumar, K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Haliger-4 (4D4A1T1d) & Haliger-5 (4D4A1T1c) Microwatersheds, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR – NBSS & LUP Sujala MWS Publ .135, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.97& 28. |
Series/Report no.: | 135; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Haligeri-4 & Haligeri-5 microwatersheds was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 472 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 4 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 49 per cent of the soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 22 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), about 13 per cent are deep soils (100-150 cm) and 12 per cent area are very deep (>150 cm) in soil depth. Entire area of the microwatersheds has clayey soils at the surface. About 59 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils and 37 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils. About 49 per cent are low (51-100 mm/m), 22 per cent are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 25 per cent are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of 25 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 71 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of 85 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 11 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH > 9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils <2 dS m-1 are non-saline. Organic carbon content is low (<0.5%) in about 51 per cent and 45 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in about 94 per cent and medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 2 per cent area of the microwatersheds. About <1 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 96 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur content is low (<10 ppm) in about 56 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 16 per cent and about 24 per cent area is high (>20 ppm). Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in about 23 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 72 per cent. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in <1 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 96 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 96 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about <1 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatersheds were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatersheds Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 223 (47) - Pomegranate - 223 (47) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 223 (47) Jamun - 120(25) Bengalgram 223 (47) - Musambi 120 (25) 103 (22) Groundnut - - Lime 120 (25) 103 (22) Sunflower 120 (25) 103 (22) Cashew - - Cotton 223 (47) - Custard apple 223 (47) - Chilli - - Amla - 223 (47) Tomato - - Tamarind - 120 (25) Drumstick - 223 (47) Marigold - 223 (47) Mulbery - 165 (35) Chrysanthemum - 223 (47) Mango - - Jasmine - - Sapota - - Crossandra - 120 (25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatersheds. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. DINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Haligeri-4 & 5 is located at North latitude 150 25’ 3.888” and 150 22’ 24.782” and East longitude 760 6’ 4.369” and 760 4’ 8.663" covering an area of about 472.48 ha coming under Halageri village of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Haligeri-4 & 5 micro watersheds of Haligeri subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 8 (22.86 %) were marginal, 10 (28.57%)were small, 11 (31.43 %) were Semi medium and 6 (17.14 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (53.94%) men and 76 (46.06 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (43.03%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 21.82 per cent illiterates, 83.63 per cent pre university education and 4.85 per cent attained graduation. About, 97.14 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture. Agriculture was the major occupation for 59.39 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 28.57 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 60.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 11.43 per cent possess bullock cart. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 28.57 per cent possess local cow and 11.43 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 6.58 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.40. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 84.81 per cent (75.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.19 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 9.00 live bore wells and 9.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 28.57 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sorghum, Green gram, Bajra and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 79.37 per cent. 2 Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 80.00 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 80.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sorghum, Green gram, Bajra and Groundnut was Rs.28404.75 , 30176.41, 29266.76, 17385.92 and 47167.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.70, 1: 2.70 and 1:1.60 respectively. Further, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 42.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 117160.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 84588.57 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 16 horticulture trees and 36 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Regarding marketing channels, 117.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 22.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 140.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (91.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 100.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 74.29 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.28 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household’s possessed APL card and 2.86 per cent of the household’s were not having ration cards. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (94.29%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (100.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (97.14%), high rate of interest on credit (97.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (100.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.86%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.97& 28. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/37891 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
Files in This Item:
File | Description | Size | Format | |
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135. Haligeri 4&5 (4D4A1T1d&c).pdf | 12.65 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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