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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ALLANAGAR (4D3A9C3b) MICRO WATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2018). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Allanagar (4D3A9C3b) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ.123, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.101 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 123; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Allanagara microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 578 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 75 per cent is covered by soils, 20 per cent mining/industrial, two per cent by rock outcrops and three per cent waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Management Units . The length of crop growing period is about <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 17 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 41 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), about 17 per cent are deep soils (100-150 cm) and 1 per cent area has very deep (>150 cm) soils. About 2 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 73 per cent loamy soils. About 5 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 44 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel), 24 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) and 3 per cent extremely gravelly (60-80% gravel) soils. About 57 per cent are very low (<50 mm/m) and 18 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) available water capacity. About 42 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 33 per cent area has gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 16 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 38 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 21 per cent severely eroded (e3) lands. An area of about 4 per cent has soils that are moderately to slightly acid (pH 5.5-6.5), 25 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 46 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are <2 dS m-1 (non-saline) covering 69 per cent area, 2 per cent are low (2-4 dS m-1), 3 per cent soils are medium (4-8 dS m- 1) and <1 per cent soils are high to very high (8-16 dS m-1) indicating that they are saline in nature. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in about 7 per cent, 30 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) and 38 per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in about 14 per cent, medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 37 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 25 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 13 per cent of the soils are low (<145 kg/ha), medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 50 per cent and 12 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 32 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 14 per cent and about 30 per cent area is high (>20 ppm). Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 72 per cent area, 3 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about <1 per cent. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 14 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 61 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 103 (18) Pomegranate - 217 (37) Maize - 103 (18) Guava - 217 (37) Bajra - 313 (54) Jackfruit - 217 (37) Red gram - 7 (1) Jamun - 217 (37) Bengalgram - 103 (18) Musambi - 217 (37) Groundnut - 360 (62) Lime - 217 (37) Sunflower - 7 (1) Cashew - 242 (42) Cotton - 103 (18) Custard apple - 417 (72) Chilli - 103 (18) Amla - 417 (72) Tomato - 103 (18) Tamarind - 23 (4) Drumstick - 86 (15) Marigold - 103 (18) Mulbery - 321 (56) Chrysanthemum - 103 (18) Mango - 7 (1) Jasmine - 103 (18) Sapota - 217 (37) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 107 (52.45%) men and 97 (47.55%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 5.3, small farmer was 6.6, semi medium farmer was 7.75, medium farmers were 5.5 and for large farmers it was 6.2. The data indicated that 36 (17.65%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 105 (51.47%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (21.57 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (9.31%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Allanagara had 38.73 per cent illiterates, 2.94 per cent were functional literates, 24.51 per cent of the people had primary school education, 2.94 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.75 per cent of them had high school education, 7.84 per cent of them had PUC education, 4.41 per cent of them had degree education and 2.94 had studied ITI. The results indicate that, 97.97 per cent of the households were practicing agriculture and 3.03 per cent of the household heads had household industry. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.84 per cent of the household members, 26.47 per cent were agricultural labourers, 24.02 per cent were students, 4.90 per cent were children, 2.45 per cent had household industry and another 2.45 per cent were in private service. In the micro watershed 100 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institution. The results indicate that 72.73 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 27.27 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. About 100.00 per cent of the households possess TV, 18.18 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 54.55 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 87.88 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 3.03 per cent of the households possess auto. The average value of television was Rs.6170, mixer grinder was Rs.3000, bicycle was Rs.3138, motor cycle was Rs. 36103, auto was Rs. 55000 and mobile phone was Rs.1695. About 12.12 per cent of the households possess plough, 12.12 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 12.12 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 27.27 per cent of the households possess weeder, and 3.03 per cent of the households possess tractor, chaff cutter and power tiller. The average value of plough was Rs.3250, bullock cart was Rs.21250, sprayer was Rs.3250, power tiller was Rs.200000, tractor was Rs.500000, chaff cutter was Rs.2000 and weeder was Rs.75. The results indicate that, 12.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.30 per cent of the households possess local cow, 3.03 per cent of the households possess 2 crossbred cows, 6.06 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 3.03 per cent of the households possess goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.76, average hired labour (men) available was 3.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.88. The results indicate that, 30.30 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 69.70 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 43.75 per cent of the marginal farmers, 28.75 per cent of small, 12.50 per cent of semi medium and 0 medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Allanagara micro watershed possess 43.21 ha (93.72%) of dry land and 2.89 ha (6.28%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.49 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.58 ha (81.30%) of dry land and 2.89 ha (18.70%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (100%) of dry land. The average value of dry land was Rs. 414095.72 and average value of irrigated land was Rs.759999. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 905093 for dry land and. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 313098 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 278153 for dry land and Rs. 759999 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 98800 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 3 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed which was possessed by semi medium farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 10.62 meters. The results indicate that, marginal farmers had 2.56 ha, small farmers had 2.43 ha, semi medium farmers had 14.15 ha, medium farmers had 6.07 ha and large farmers had 2.83 ha of irrigated area. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Maize (24.57 ha), Bajra (12.61 ha), Sunflower (4.59 ha), Redgram (1.62 ha), Sesamum (1.3 ha), Horsegram (1.21 ha), Bengal gram (0.88 ha), Cowpea (0.81 ha) and Sorghum (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, sesamum and bengal gram. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower, redgram and sesamum. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower, horsegram, sorghum and cow pea. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower. The cropping intensity in Allanagara micro watershed was found to be 71.57 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 62.84 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 64.63 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 66.67 per cent. 3 The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 34060.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40950.39. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 40950.39, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 32405.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23088.86. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs.- 9317.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 22855.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44613.03. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 21757.50, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95. The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 18952.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38285. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 19332.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.02. The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 38628.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28458.41. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. -10170.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74. The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 16968.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19924.67. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 2956.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17. The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 42991.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56969.35. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 13977.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.33. The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 25594.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820.00. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. - 10774.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25766.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 7241.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72. The results indicate that, 47 tonnes of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 120 days in a year. About 28 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 76 days in a year. About 12.12 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 18.75 per cent of marginal farmers and 14.29 per cent of small farmers. Around 42.42 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 30.30 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income is Rs.81619. For marginal farmers it was Rs 71786, for small farmers it was Rs.134977, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.58125 and for medium farmers it was Rs.67500. The average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,193.66. For marginal farmers it was Rs 3,934.03, for small farmers it was Rs. 23,367.35, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 2,109.38 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 13,500. 4 The results indicated that, bajra, Bengal gram, cowpea, horsegram, sorghum, redgram, sesamum and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Around 36.36 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 78.79 per cent of the households have sold their produce in regulated markets and 21.21 per cent of the households have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that 9.09 per cent of the households have carried head load, 18.18 per cent have used cart and 109.09 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 3.03 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel, 93.94 per cent used fire wood and another 3.03 per cent of the households used LPG. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 27.27 per cent of the households and bore well was the major source for 72.73 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Around 39.39 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 12.50 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium, 100 per cent of the medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 54.55 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 39.39 per cent possessed APL card. Around 45.45 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 37.50 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 12.50 per cent of the semi medium and 50 percent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96.97 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 12.12 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 3.03 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 27.27 per cent of the households, fruits were adequate for 24.24 per cent of the households, milk was adequate for 57.58 per cent of the households, eggs were adequate for 27.27 per cent of the households and meat was adequate for 12.12 per cent of the households. Oilseeds and vegetables were market surplus for 72.73 per cent and 60.61 per cent of the households respectively. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 14.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (32.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.12%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), high rate of interest on credit (14.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.65%), inadequate extension services (20.59%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (29.41%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.101 & 35. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/40252 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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