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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT MADDUR-1 (4B3E2E1d) MICRO WATERSHED Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Maddur-1 (4B3E2E1d) Microwatershed, Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.223, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.101 & 31. |
Series/Report no.: | 223; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Maddur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 396 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 33 per cent is covered by soils, 67 per cent by forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 33 per cent area is suitable for agriculture. About 3 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 19 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to deep (100-150 cm) and 3 per cent are very deep (>150 cm). About 12 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 19 per cent area has loamy soil and 2 per cent area sandy soils. About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 7 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils. About 4 per cent has soils that are very low (<50 mm/m), 26 per cent are low (51- 100 mm/m) in available water capacity and an area of 3 per cent has very high (>200 mm/m) available water capacity. Entire area of about 33 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 12 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 22 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 2 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), an area of about 10 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 21 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 2 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) and 31 per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. About 12 per cent of the soils are low (<23 kg/ha) and 21 per cent are medium (23- 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 21 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 13 per cent are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in the entire area. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 18 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 15 per cent area. Available iron is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 11 (3) 103 (26) Sapota 6 (1) 35 (9) Maize 6 (1) 103 (26) Guava 34 (9) 7 (2) Redgram 6 (1) 40 (10) Banana 6 (1) 33 (8) Horsegram 6 (1) 115 (29) Jackfruit 6 (1) 28 (7) Field bean 6 (1) 108 (27) Jamun 11 (3) 28 (7) Groundnut - 116 (29) Musambi 11 (3) 28 (7) Sunflower 6 (1) 5 (1) Lime 11 (3) 28 (7) Cotton 11 (3) 103 (26) Cashew 6 (1) 35 (9) Onion 6 (1) 108 (27) Custard apple 23 (10) 82 (21) Potato 6 (1) 103 (26) Amla 39 (10) 80 (21) Field Beans 6 (1) 108 (27) Tamarind 11 (3) 28 (7) Beetroot 6 (1) 103 (26) Marigold 6 (1) 115 (29) Turmeric 6 (1) 103 (26) Chrysanthemum 6 (1) 108 (27) Mango 6 (1) 28 (7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Maddur-1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11045’ – 11047’ North latitudes and 76031’ – 76033’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 396 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Bachanahalli villages and Berambadi State Forest with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Maddur 1 micro-watershed in (Gopalapur sub-watershed) Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 58.5 to 41.5 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.9 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 72.9 per cent. Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the main source of energy for a cooking among the all sample households. About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60.0 per cent. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 7.3 per cent. Women participation in decisions making are around 23.3 per cent were found. Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 1.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 92.4 % and irrigate land is 7.6 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2 Agriculture is the main occupation among 70.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 7.3 per cent of the sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 53685 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 2260 per household, among all of sample farmers are owing plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24285 per household; about 50.0 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 648.0 grams (1414.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Majority of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 76242 per household. Around 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1254. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1406 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 184249 per year for the total area of 396.37 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 32001/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in garlic (Rs. 107469), coconut (Rs. 76392), cotton (Rs. 21891), groundnut (Rs. 16116), horse gram (Rs. 12142) and maize (Rs. 11625), marigold (Rs. 6101) and sorghum (Rs. 4274). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 812/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 1270), followed by sorghum (Rs. 741), horse gram (Rs. 618) and groundnut (Rs. 618). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 127878), cotton (Rs. 54734), sorghum (Rs. 41407), maize (Rs. 36004), groundnut (Rs. 27486), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and garlic (Rs. 18185). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is maize (20.8 %) followed by marigold (20.8 %), horse gram (15.7 %), coconut (13.9 %), sorghum (10.9 %), cotton (7.9 %), garlic (5.0 %) and groundnut (5.0 %). 3 In Maddur 1 micro-watershed, major soil of Annurkeri (ARK) series is having very deep soil depth covered around 1.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (16.7 %), horse gram (50 %) and sorghum (33.3 %). Soil of moderately shallow soil depth of Hullipura (HPR) are having moderately shallow soil depth covered around 18.9 % of area, the crops are groundnut (9.9 %), horse gram (5.0 %) and maize (44.7%). Kannigala (KNG) soils are moderately deep soil depth covered around 1.7 % of areas crops are coconut. Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 7.1 % of area, they major crops grown are cotton, garlic and maize. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 41361/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 28477/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 2.26). In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 17522/ha in HPR soil (with of 1.4) and Rs.7841/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 3.37). In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 32741/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.44) and Rs. 28596/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.85). In sorghum the cost of cultivation in ARK soil is Rs. 20179/ha (with BCR of 1.25). In marigold the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs. 37626/ha (with BCR of 1.25). In coconut the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 18791/ha (with BCR of 5.07). In garlic the cost of cultivation in MDH soil is Rs.77781/ha (with BCR of 2.38) and groundnut the cost of cultivation in HPR soil series is Rs. 21057/ha (with BCR of 1.79). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income. 4 By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (27.9 %), horse gram (24.1 %), maize (61.8 %), sorghum (51.6 %), groundnut (49.4 %) and garlic (60.5 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.101 & 31. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43806 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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File | Description | Size | Format | |
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223.Maddur-1 (4B3E2E1d).pdf | 15.6 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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