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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ASHANAL-1 (4D5B1G2a) MICROWATERSHED Hattakuni & Yadgir Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Ashanal-1 (4D5B1G2a) Microwatershed, Hattakuni & Yadgir Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.270, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.139 & 38. |
Series/Report no.: | 270; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Ashanal-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 775 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 651 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 71 ha covered by rock outcrops and about 52 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 62 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 22 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm). About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 28 per cent loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 70 per cent area is non gravelly (<15%) and 14 per cent is gravelly (15- 35%). About 49 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 21 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 12 per cent area very low (<50 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 18 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) and 66 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 18 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 65 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and one per cent area is severely (e3) eroded. An area of about 6 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 75 per cent soil are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and 3 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4 - >9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 9 per cent of the soils are low (<0.5%) in organic carbon, 67 per cent medium (0.5-0.75%) and 9 per cent high (>0.75). About 50 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 33 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and one per cent is high (>57 kg/ha). About 23 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium and 81 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 26 per cent and medium (10 -20 ppm) in 58 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron in the entire area of the microwatershed is low (<0.5 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 14 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 354(46) 190 (24) Guava - 83(11) Maize - 530(68) Sapota - 83(11) Bajra 14(2) 547(70) Pomegranate - 476(62) Groundnut - 83(11) Musambi 277(36) 199(26) Sunflower 237(31) 224(29) Lime 277(36) 199(26) Redgram - 477(62) Amla 25(3) 519(67) Bengal gram 393(60) 108(14) Cashew - 25(3) Cotton 276(36) 225(29) Jackfruit - 68(9) Chilli - 521(67) Jamun - 394(51) Tomato - 388(50) Custard apple 434(56) 111(14) Brinjal 177(23) 382(49) Tamarind - 394(51) Onion 236(30) 83(11) Mulberry - 68(9) Bhendi 280(36) 280(36) Marigold - 561(72) Drumstick - 477(62) Chrysanthemum - 561(72) Mango - 35(5) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Ashanal-1 micro watershed among them 12 (34.29%) were marginal farmers, 10 (28.57 %) were small farmers, 4(11.43 %) were semi medium farmers, 3(8.57%) were medium farmers, 1(2.86%) was large farmer and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The data indicated that there were 177 population households in the studied micro watershed. Among them 88 (49.72%) men and 89 (50.28 %) were women. The average family size of landless, small farmers and medium farmers were 5, semi medium and large farmer was 4. The data indicated that 24 (13.56%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 93 (52.54 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (27.12 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.78 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Ashanal-1 had 54.24 per cent illiterates, 0.56 per cent of them were functional literates, 14.69 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.13 per cent of them had middle school, 14.12 per cent them had high school education, 5.08 per cent of them had PUC education, 5.08 per cent of them had degree education and 1.13 per cent them had masters. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 5.71 per cent of them were general labour. The results indicated that agriculture was the occupation for 54.80 per cent of the household members, 4.52 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.39 per cent of them were general labours, 2.26 per cent were students and 19.21 per cent of them were housewives and 3.35 per cent were children’s. In case of landless farmers, 5.26 per cent were doing agriculture, 42.11 per cent were agricultural labour, 31.58 per cent were general labour, 15.79 per cent were housewives and 5.26 per cent were children’s. In case of marginal farmers 52.17 per cent were agriculturist, 1.45 percent was in private service, 18.84 per cent were students and 20.29 per cent of them were housewives. In case of small farmers 72.22 per cent of them were agriculturist, 5.56 per cent of them were private service and 7.41 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 64.71 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 5.58 per cent of them were students and 23.53 per cent of them were housewives. In case of medium farmers 64.29 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 7.14 per cent of them were students and 28.57 per cent of them were housewives. In case of large farmers 25 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, and 50 per cent of them were housewives. The results showed that 99.44 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions and 0.56 per cent of the household participated in cooperative bank. 2 The results indicated that 57.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 42.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house. The results showed that, 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile. The results showed that the average value, television was Rs.8837, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.54625 and mobile phone was Rs.2002. The data showed that, about 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 54.29 per cent of them possess plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 2.86 per cent possess power tiller, 11.43 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of the households possess tractor and 20 per cent of them possess sprinkler. The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18769; the average value of plough was Rs. 1700, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs.50200, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 50000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 700000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 8000 and the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 470. The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, buffalo, goat and poultry birds. The results showed that, in case of marginal farmers, 25 per cent of the households possess bullock and 8.33 buffalo, goat and poultry birds respectively. In case of small farmers, 40 per cent of households possess equally bullock In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of the households possess bullock. In medium farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock. The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.66, average own labour (women) available was 1.60, average hired labour (men) available was 9.60 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.33.In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was also 1.58, average hired labour (men) was 7.42 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.58. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.78, average own labour (women) was 1.70, average hired labour (men) was 7.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.60. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 13.75 and average hired labour (women) available was also 13.75. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired labour (men) was 18.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 18.33. In large farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 15 and average hired labour (women) available was 15. 3 The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. The results indicated that, households of the Ashanal-1 micro watershed possess 30.04 ha (71.62%) of dry land and 11.90 ha (28.37%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.28 ha (88.23 %) of dry land and 0.97 ha (11.77%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.67 ha (81.15 %) of dry land and 2.25 ha (18.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.26 ha (63.11%) of dry land and 3.08 ha (36.89%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.41 ha (49.08%) of dry land and 5.61 ha (50.92%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 2.42 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 368076.52 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 571,098.27. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 810,061.14 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 444,393.31 for dry land and Rs. 890,090.12 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 228,000 for dry land and was Rs.58500.01 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 110928.15 for dry land and was Rs.320779.22 for irrigated land. In large farmers the average land value was Rs. 247000 for irrigated land. The results indicated that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 5.71 per cent of the farmers and 2.86 per cent of the farmers were using tank for irrigation. The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 6.10 meters. The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.49 ha of irrigated land and semi medium farmers were having 1.21 ha of irrigated land. On an average there was 1.70 ha of irrigated land. The results indicated that, farmers have grown cotton (4.61 ha), groundnut (15.71 ha), paddy (3.68 ha), red gram (6.36 ha) and sorghum (4.87 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut and paddy. Medium farmers and large farmers have grown groundnut respectively. The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Ashanal-1 micro watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent. In case of marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers cropping intensity was 100 per cent and in case of medium farmers it was 99.04 per cent. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have bank account and 85.71 per cent of having savings. Among marginal farmers 60 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 100 per cent of small, semi medium farmers 4 and medium possess per cent of both bank account and savings respectively and large category of farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account. The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent of marginal, 90 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium, 33.33 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicated that, 8 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 16 per cent have availed loan from Cooperative Bank and 36 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank. The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.40909.09 Rs. 51777.78, Rs.62500 and Rs. 100000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 49640. The results indicated that, 93.75 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 6.25 per cent have availed loan for animal husbandry. Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their loan. The results indicated that 75 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 6.25 per cent opined that higher rate of interest. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 42107.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81715.98. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 39608.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 41264.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78656.40. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 37392.32. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 53615.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 114398.98. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 60783.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.13. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 33389.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65229.59. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 31839.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 33702.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41007.47. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 7304.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.22. The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. 5 The table indicated that the in case of landless farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs.64800, in marginal farmers, average income from service/salary was Rs.41666.67, wage was Rs.36250 and agriculture Rs. 46833.33. In case of small farmers the average income from agriculture was Rs.49511.11. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs.32500 and agriculture was Rs.83000. Medium farmer’s average income from wage was Rs.26666.67 and agriculture was Rs.221666.67. Similarly in large farmers the average income from wage was Rs.50000 and agriculture was Rs.160000. The results indicated that, in case of landless, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.27333.33, in case of marginal, farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.17428.57 and agriculture Rs. 20583.33. In case of small farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs. 15000 and agriculture was Rs.33200. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.20000 and agriculture was Rs.52500.In medium farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.25000 and agriculture was Rs.71666.67.In large farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.2000 and agriculture was Rs. 60000. The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 13 coconut trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have planted 61 Neem trees, 2 tamarind tress, and 3 banyan trees in their field and also grown 4 Neem trees in the backyard. The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3428.57 for land development and Rs. 714.29 in irrigation facility. Marginal farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5833.33 for land development, and Rs. 2083.33 in irrigation facility. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs.3000 for land development. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5000 for land development. The results indicated that for 34.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy for land development and irrigation facility respectively. The results indicated that, cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, 85.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households used tractor as a mode of transport. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. 6 The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have adopted bore well recharge pit which includes 8.33 per cent of marginal and 10 per cent of small farmers. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who adopted bore well recharge pit opined that they are good. The results indicated that 5.71 per cent of soil conservation structures are constructed by the government. The results indicated that, 100 percent of the household used fire wood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60per cent of the landless, 75 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, 33.33 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled household’s possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 36.36 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 55.56 per cent of the semi medium, 25 percent of the medium farmers and 50 per cent of the large farmers. The results indicated that, cereals, pulses oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 82.86 per cent, 54.29 per cent, 57.14 per cent, 74.29 per cent, 40 per cent, 100 per cent, 88.57 per cent and 71.43 per cent of the household. The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, egg and meat were inadequate for 17.14 per cent, 45.71 per cent, 42.86 per cent, 25.71 per cent, 57.14 per cent,11.43 per cent and 28.57 per cent of the household. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (45.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (51.43%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (68.57%), high rate of interest on credit (65.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.71%) and less rain fall (17.14%) . |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.139 & 38. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43815 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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