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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT NANDEPALLI-3 (4D2D6C2C) MICROWATERSHED Yadgiri Taluk & District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar S.C. B.A. Dhanorkar, K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar S.C. B.A. Dhanorkar, K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). Land resource inventory and socio-economic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Nandepalli-3 (4D2D6C2c) Microwatershed, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ .581, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.119&35. |
Series/Report no.: | 581; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Nandepalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 666 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 2 per cent others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 5 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 655 ha (98%) are suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed. About 23 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (<25 cm), 1 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 7 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 68 per cent soils are deep to very deep (100->150 cm) soils in the microwatershed. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under clayey soils at the surface. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under non-gravelly (<15%) soils. About 23 per cent area of the microwatershed is very low (<50 mm/m), 8 per cent are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 68 per cent soils are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 23 per cent area is severely eroded (e3 class), 48 per cent area is moderately (e2 class) and 27 per cent is slightly eroded (e1 class) soils in the microwatershed. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-9.0) soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. An area of about 69 per cent is low (<0.50%), 28 per cent is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 2 per cent is high (>0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of 86 percent is low (<23 kg/ha), 9 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 4 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 7 per cent is low (<145 kg/ha), 83 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. An area of about 36 per cent is low (<10 ppm), 26 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and 35 per cent is high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur content of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 35 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 52 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) 12 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 89 per cent and 10 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 504(76) Sapota - - Maize - - Pomegranate - 500(75) Bajra - 504(76) Musambi - 500(75) Groundnut - - Lime - 500(75) Sunflower - 500(75) Amla - 504(76) Redgram - 500(75) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 504(76) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 504(76) Jamun - 452(68) Chilli - 504(76) Custard apple - 504(76) Tomato - - Tamarind - 452(68) Drumstick - 500(75) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 504(76) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 504(76) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 3 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 79 (57.25%) men and 59 (42.75%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.3, marginal farmers’ was 3.5, small farmers’ was 34, semi medium farmers’ was 3, medium and large farmers’ was 5. The data indicated that, 16 (11.59 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 56 (40.58%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (39.86%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.97%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Nandepalli-3 had 52.90 per cent illiterates, 17.39 per cent of them had primary school, 4.35 per cent of them had middle school, 6.52 per cent of them had high school education, 7.25 per cent of them had PUC, 2.90 per cent of them had diploma, 2.17 per cent of them had ITI, 3.62 per cent of them had Degree and 0.72 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 19.44 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.19 per cent of the household members, 55.07 per cent were agricultural labourers, 55.07 per cent were students and 2.17 per cent were children. The results show that, 0.72 per cent of the population has participated in NGOs and 99.28 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The results show that 2.78 per cent of the households possess radio, 86.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.11 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 16.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent of the households possess landline phones and 88.89 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of radio was Rs. 9,000, television was Rs. 5,451, mixer/grinder was Rs.1,600, motor cycle was Rs. 34,500, landline was Rs. 3,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,381. About 2.78 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, plough per cent of them possess 8.33 per cent, 5.56 per cent of them possess maize huller and 2.78 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 2,833, maize huller was Rs. 1,500 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2,000. The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 8.33 per cent of the households possess Buffalo. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.37, average own labour (women) available was 1.22, average hired labour (men) available was 7.91 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60. The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Nandepalli-3 micro-watershed possess 31.99 ha (70.37%) of dry land, 2.02 ha (22.73%) of irrigated land and 11.44 ha (25.18%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 9.69 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.43 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.12 ha (77.94 %) of dry land and 1.73 ha (22.06%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (50%) of irrigated land and permanent fallow land. Large farmers possess 2.02 ha (22.73%) of irrigated land and 6.88 ha (77.27%) for permanent fallow land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 711,607.5, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 345,800 and the average value of Rs. 87,340.88. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 711,607.5 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 269,699.7 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 196,031.7 for dry land and the average value was Rs. 230,841.11 for permanent fallow land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 141,142.8 for dry land and the average value was Rs. 141,142.86 for permanent fallow land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 345,800 for irrigated land and the average value was Rs. 29,058.82 for permanent fallow land. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and De-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.78 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 1.95 meters. The results indicate that, large farmers had an irrigated area of 2.02 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Cotton (15.28ha), red gram (13.25ha), sunflower (3.64 ha), Sorghum (2.07 ha), groundnut (1.76 ha) and green gram (0.87 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, red gram, sunflower and green gram. Small farmers have grown Cotton, red gram, sunflower and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown Cotton, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown red gram. Large farmers have grown cotton. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nandepalli-3 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 77.78 per cent of the households have bank account and 75 per cent of the households have savings. 3 The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 10.34 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank, 3.45 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank and 24.14 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 30,862.07. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from high rate of interest. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 71087.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72386.47. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 1298.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 37871.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36188.37. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -1682.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96. The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 61601.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 142551.58. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 80949.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 38331.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56781.61. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 18450.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 20656.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 12301.76. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -8354.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.6. The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 34125.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52472.45. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 18347.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54. The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 41,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 98,906.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 100,277.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 162,000, medium farmers it was Rs. 348,500 and large farmers it was Rs. 160,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,233.08. For landless households it was Rs. 3,194.44, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,629.30, 4 for small farmers it was Rs. 4,795.06, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,333.33, medium farmers it was Rs. 140,000 and large farmers it was Rs. 60,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 9 mango trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 eucalyptus, cashew and peepul tree, 22 teak, 18 neem and 1 banyan trees in their field and also 2 teak trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 666.67 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 138.89 for improved crop production. The results indicated that own funds from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent each for improved crop production and own funds was the source of additional investment for 5.78 per cent each for land development and 2.78 per cent each for improved crop production. The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 84 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 58.82 per cent and sunflower to the extent of 97.83 per cent. The results indicated that, about 25 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 61.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets. The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.78 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 69.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 66.67 per cent of the households and 30.56 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 86.11 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 52.78 per cent, Vegetables were adequate for 5 30.56 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 19.44 per cent, Milk were adequate for 5.56 per cent, egg were adequate for 8.33 per cent and Meat were adequate for 2.78 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 11.11 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 47.22 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 69.44 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.78 per cent, milk were inadequate for 66.67 per cent of the households, Egg were inadequate for 91.67 per cent and meat were inadequate for 94.44 per cent. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil were the constraints experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (77.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (63.89%), inadequacy of irrigation water (36.11%), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (41.67%), High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (19.44%), Lack of marketing facilities in the area and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (16.67%), Inadequate extension services (5.56%), Less rainfall (47.22%) and Source of Agri-technology information (38.89%), |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.119&35 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43822 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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