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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BELUR-6 (4D4A2R2a) MICRO WATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Belur-6 (4D4A2R2a) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.522, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.129 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 522; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Belur-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 621 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil and 2 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 19 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 21 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75- 100 cm) and 58 per cent is deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm) soils. Entire area in the microwatershed is clayey at the surface. About 72 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils and 27 per cent has gravelly (15-35 %) soils. With respect to available water capacity 19 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), 21 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 58 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 10 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 88 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 32 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 66 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about <1 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 98 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are <2 dSm-1 indicating that the soils are non saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in 98 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 1 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in 97 per cent and medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 30 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 69 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 79 per cent and medium (10-20 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 4 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 94 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 300(48) 313(50) Sapota - - Maize - 613(98) Pomegranate - 493(79) Bajra - 613(98) Musambi 300(48) 193(31) Groundnut - - Lime 300(48) 193(31) Sunflower 300(48) 193(31) Amla - 613(98) Redgram - 364(58) Cashew - - Bengal gram 300(48) 313(50) Jackfruit - - Cotton 300(48) 313(50) Jamun - 364(58) Chilli - - Custard apple 300(48) 313(50) Tomato - - Tamarind - 364(58) Brinjal - 612(98) Mulberry - 436(70) Onion - - Marigold - 613(98) Bhendi - 612(98) Chrysanthemum - 613(98) Drumstick - 493(79) Jasmine - 120(19) Mango - 64(10) Crossandra - 236(38) Guava - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Belur-6 microwatershed indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Belur-6 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless farmers, 11 (31.43 %) were marginal farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were small farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium farmer and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 72 (50.70 %) men and 70 (49.30 %) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless’ was 4, marginal farmers’ was 4, small farmers’ was 3.25, semi medium farmers’ was 4.8 and medium farmers’ was 4.3. The data indicated that, 19 (13.38 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 65 (45.77 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 39 (27.46 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (13.38 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Belur-6 had 21.83 per cent illiterates, 26.76 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.93 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.45 per cent of them had high school education, 9.86 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.70 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.23 per cent of them had ITI and 19.72 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were Student. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.72 per cent of the household members, 68.31 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.78 per cent were in government service, 5.33 per cent were in private service, 9.86 per cent were students, 2.96 per cent were housewives and 2.11 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any of the institution. The results indicate that 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.57 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 25.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 14.29 per cent of the households possess Refrigerator, 11.43 per cent of them possess bicycle, 57.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Computer/Laptop, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Landline Phone and Car/Four Wheeler and 82.86 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs 6,376, DVD/VCD Player mixer was Rs 1,400, grinder was Rs 695, Refrigerator was Rs 11,400, bicycle was Rs 650, motor cycle was Rs. 34,142 mobile phone was Rs. 3,400, Car/Four 2 Wheeler was Rs. 200,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 1,150 and Computer/Laptop was Rs. 32,000. About 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 8.57 per cent of them possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess tractor, 8.57 per cent of them possess sprayer, 22.86 per cent of them possess weeder, 5.71 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2.86 per cent of them possess Cultivator. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 22,500, plough was Rs. 5,666, tractor was Rs 233,333, sprayer was Rs. 1,933, average value of weeder was Rs. 20, average value of chaff cutter was 1,500 and the average value of Cultivator was Rs. 16. The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess Buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, average own labour (women) available was 1.40, average hired labour (men) available was 10.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.31. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Belur-6 micro-watershed possess 36.56 ha (78.71%) of dry land and 9.89 ha (21.29 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.58 ha (94.74 %) of dry land and 0.42 ha (5.26 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.77 ha (73.94 %) of dry land and 2.39 ha (26.06 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 17.67 ha (85.36 %) of dry land and 3.03 ha (14.64 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.53 ha (52.83 %) of dry land and 4.05 ha (47.17 %) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 215,995.13 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 394,310.28. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 487,673.43 for dry land and Rs. 1,187,500.04. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 295,101.56 for dry land and Rs. 586,101.71 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 107,489.69 for dry land and Rs. 329,773.03 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 66,160.72 for dry land and Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 40 per cent of the farmers and tank was for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.27 meters and tank was found to be 2.18 meters. 3 The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.39 ha, 1.30 ha and 2.02 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (1.66 ha), Bengal gram (6.98 ha), Jowar (6.48 ha), maize (18.59 ha), Sorghum (2.11 ha), Onion (2.02 ha), Sunflower (5.36 ha) and Wheat (3.34 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Belur-6 micro-watershed was found to be 68.79 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 14668.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29519.51. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 14850.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.01. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 38810.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44061.69. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 5251.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.14. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Wheat was Rs. 26294.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41706.90. The net income from Wheat cultivation was Rs. -240248.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.59. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 113731.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 195184.89. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 81453.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.72. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31309.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45272.88. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 13962.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.45. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 29439.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41629.79. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 12190.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.41. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 15508.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38039.60. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 22530.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.45. The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and dry fodder was inadequate for 11.43 per cent of the households. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 28,200 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,875.45, for small farmers it was Rs. 4 81,625, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 130,562.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 276,966.67. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,940.26. For landless households it was Rs. 2,880, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,682.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,609.38, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 11,911.46 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 53,611.11. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 51 coconut trees in their field and1 in backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 20 neem and 2 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, Bajra, Bengalgram, Jowar, Onion, Sorghum, Sunflower and Wheat were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and Maize was sold to the extent of 94.18 per cent. The results indicated that, about 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 85.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Cooperative marketing Society. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used Kerosene. The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households and bore well was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 20 per cent, milk was adequate for 28.57 5 per cent, Fruits was adequate for 60 per cent, eggs were adequate for 31.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 17.14 per cent. The results indicated that, Cereals were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 31.43 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 20 per cent, milk was inadequate for 60 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 68.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 54.29 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.71 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (22.86 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (37.14 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (17.14 %), high rate of interest on credit (17.14 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71 %), less rainfall (57.14 %) and source of agri-technology information (25.71 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.129 & 35. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43854 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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522.Belur-6_(4D4A2R2a).pdf | 15.02 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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