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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEVARAPALLI-1 (4D5B4J1a) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Devarapalli-1 (4D5B4J1a) Microwatershed, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS &LUP Sujala MWS Publ.399, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.129 & 32. |
Series/Report no.: | 399; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Devarapalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 506 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 467(92%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 30 ha (6%) covered by rock outcrops and others covers an area of 9 ha (2%) in the microwatershed. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 467 ha (92%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 11 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), <1 per cent soils are moderately deep (75 -100 cm), 47 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 34 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (<25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed. About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 42 percent soils are loamy and 44 per cent soils clayey at the surface. An area of 29 per cent soils are non gravelly (<15%), about 59 per cent soils are gravelly (15-35%) and about 4 per cent soils are very gravelly (35-60%) soils in the microwatershed. About 11 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 48 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area is very low (<50 mm/m) available water capacity. Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has moderately (e2) eroded lands An area of about 88 per cent soil of the soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 4 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8)soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominately <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. Entire area of about 92 per cent is high (>0.75%) and <1 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of 62 percent is low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and about 30 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 91 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 1 percent is low (<145kg/ha) in available potassium. An area of about 26 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 66 percent area is low (<10ppm) in available sulphur Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in a maximum area of about 75 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) is about 14 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) is about 4 per cent soils. Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5ppm) covering an area of 91per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) cover an area of 1 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 60 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) covers an area of about 33 percent in the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 5(<1) 292(58) Guava - 5(<1) Maize 5(<1) 292(58) Sapota - 5(<1) Bajra 5(<1) 292(58) Pomegranate - 60(12) Groundnut - 98(19) Musambi - 60(12) Sunflower - 60(12) Lime - 60(12) Redgram - 60(12) Amla 5(<1) 237(47) Bengal gram - 55(11) Cashew - 5(<1) Cotton - 204(40) Jackfruit - 5(<1) Chilli 5(<1) 292(58) Jamun - - Tomato 5(<1) 237(47) Custard apple 5(<1) 292(58) Brinjal 5(<1) 237(47) Tamarind - - Onion 5(<1) 237(47) Mulberry - 5(<1) Bhendi 5(<1) 292(58) Marigold 5(<1) 292(58) Drumstick - 5(<1) Chrysanthemum 5(<1) 292(58) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 92 (57.14%) men and 69 (42.86%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.38, marginal farmers’ was 4.46, small farmers’ was 4.8, semi medium farmers’ was 5.33 and medium farmers’ was 4. The data indicated that, 38 (23.60%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 57 (35.40%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (33.54%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.45%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Devarapalli-1 had 60.25 per cent illiterates, 19.25 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.11 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.83 per cent of them had high school education, 2.48 per cent of them had PUC education and 4.35 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.25 per cent of the household members, 61.49 per cent were agricultural laborers, 14.91 per cent were students and 4.35 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 77.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,375, motor cycle was Rs.65,000 and mobile phone was Rs.3,929. About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough and 11.43 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20,666, plough was Rs.7,250 and the average value of weeder was Rs.28. The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.24, average own labour (women) available was 1.15, average hired labour (men) available was 6.18 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.41. The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. 2 The results indicate that, households of the Devarapalli-1 micro-watershed possess 26.24 ha (87.69%) of dry land and 3.68 ha (12.31%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.32 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.16 ha (71.51%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (28.49%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 380,937.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 325,714.29. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 624,708.17 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 290,673.73 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 192,031.10 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 361,463.42 of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 296,400 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 1.74 meters. The results indicate that semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 4 ha and 4.51 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (23.74 ha), green gram (2.11 ha), sorghum (1.7 ha), paddy (1.62 ha) and groundnut (2.02 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram and greengram. Small farmers possess redgram, greebgram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown only groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Devarapalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 71.43 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and 16.67 per cent of the households obtained loan from grameena bank. The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs.6000. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 40 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 60 per cent opined that they were forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time. 3 The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 41283.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65617.09. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 24333.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 26494.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30538.18. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 4043.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 21908.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91390. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 69481.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.17. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13704.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29404.76. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 15700.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.15. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 37359.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75582. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 38222.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.02. The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 63,750 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 105,230.77, for small farmers it was Rs. 137,800, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 158,833.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 206,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,450.71. For landless households it was Rs. 5,781.25, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,369.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,105.68, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 37,888.89 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 4 teak, 1 banyan and 58 neem trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,571.43 for land development. The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 31.43 per cent of the households for land development. The results indicated that, green gram was sold to the extent of 62.50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 56.25 per cent, red gram to the extent of 80.31 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 25 per cent. 4 The results indicated that, about 28.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 48.57 per cent of them sold in regulated markets. The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 5.71 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 60 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and borewell was the source of drinking water for 37.14 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 65.71 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 91.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 80 per cent, milk was adequate for 65.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 54.29 per cent and meat was adequate for 22.86 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 34.29 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 20 per cent, milk was inadequate for 25.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 42.86 per cent and meat was inadequate for 22.86 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20%), less rainfall (31.43%) and inadequate extension services (5.71%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.129 & 32. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43856 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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399.Devarapalli-1 (4D5B4J1a).pdf | 16.25 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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