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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT TALKAL-2 (4D5B2K1d) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Talkal-2 (4D5B2K1d) Microwatershed, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.478, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.135 & 37 |
Series/Report no.: | 478; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Talak-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 572 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 530 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 21 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 21 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 26 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 1 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 36 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 6 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 24 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm). About 16 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 24 per cent loamy soils and 53 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 87 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (<15%) and 6 per cent is gravelly (15-35%). About 30 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 36 per cent is medium (101-150mm/m) and 27 per cent area is very low (<50 mm/m). Entire area in the microwatershed is under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. Maximum area of about 92 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and <1 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) soils. Entire area of the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is <2 dsm- 1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 59 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%), 9 per cent area is high (0.75%) and 25 per cent is low (<0.5%) in organic carbon content of the soil. About 83 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 8 per cent of area is low (<23 kg/ha) and 2 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed. Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 83 per cent area and high (>337 kg/ha) in 10 per cent of area in the microwatershed. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 41 per cent, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 50 per cent of area and high (>20 ppm) in 2 per cent of area in the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of 29 per cent and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in an area of 63 per cent in the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 91 per cent area and deficient (<0.4 ppm) in 2 per cent area in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 64 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in an area of 28 per cent of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 53 (9) Guava - - Maize - 53 (9) Sapota - - Bajra - 53 (9) Pomegranate - 8 (1) Groundnut - - Musambi - 8 (1) Sunflower - 8 (1) Lime - 8 (1) Redgram - 53 (9) Amla - - Bengal gram - 8 (1) Cashew - - Cotton - 8 (1) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 8 (1) Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - 8 (1) Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 8 (1) Marigold - 8 (1) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 8 (1) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 81 (57.45%) men and 60 (42.55%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 3.3, marginal farmers’ was 3.7, small farmers’ was 4.6, semi medium farmers’ was 3.8 and medium farmers’ was 4.3. The data indicated that, 17 (126%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 65 (46.1%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (344%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.8%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Talak-2 had 32.62 per cent illiterates, 18.44 per cent of them had primary school, 14.89 per cent of them had middle school, 27.66 per cent of them had high school education, 4.96 per cent of them had PUC, and 0.71 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 54.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 37.14 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.86 per cent of the household’s heads were General Labour and trade and business. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 21.28 per cent of the household members, 53.9 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.55 per cent were in general labour, 2.13 per cent were private service and children, 1.42 per cent were trade and business, 10.64 per cent were student and 4.96 per cent were housewives. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house. 17.14 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess semi pacca. The results show that 54.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.14 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of the households possess bicycle, landline phone and computer /laptop, motor cycle per cent of the households possess 31.43, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Auto and 60 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,026, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,133, bicycle was Rs. 5,000, motor cycle was Rs. 57,818, landline phone was Rs. 5,000, mobile phone was Rs. 2,437 and computer/laptop was Rs. 40,000. About 5.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 40 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and irrigation pump, 14.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 14.29 2 per cent of the households possess weeder and 8.57 per cent of the households possess thresher. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 21,600, plough was Rs. 7,092, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 7,000, irrigation pump was Rs. 10,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,100, Sprinkler was Rs. 3,750, weeder was Rs. 164 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 145. The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess crossbreed and 2.86 per cent of the households possess Buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 8.34 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.81. The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 22.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results show that, 2.13 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated. The results show that, average distance of migration was 500 kms and average duration of migration was 11 months. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work in micro-watershed. The results indicate that, households of the Talak-2 micro-watershed possess 50.94 ha (86.6%) of dry land and 13.4 ha (13.40%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.53 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.51 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 18.35 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 12.55 ha (61.41%) of dry land and 7.88 ha (38.59%). The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 222,743.52 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 304,312.11. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 544,169.80 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 211,828.48 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 163,395.81 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 127,483.87 for dry land and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 304,312.11. The results indicate that, there were 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (8.5 ha), red gram (44.43 ha), groundnut (5.34 ha), sorghum (3.8 ha), green gram (22 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), paddy (11 ha) and black gram (0.97 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and black gram. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and 3 cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, groundnut, sorghum, green gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown red gram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Talak-2 micro-watershed was found to be 94.5 per cent. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households have bank account and 65.71 per cent of the households have savings. The results indicate that, 222.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 21.74 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 4.35 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank, 8.70 per cent of the households have borrowed from friends / relatives, grameena bank and 4.35 per cent of the households have borrowed from money lender. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 36,173.91. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 83.33 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 32651.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81689.26. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 490387. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.5. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 32092.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48090.90. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 159986. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5. The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 30058.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49221.51. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 191631. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 11389.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 215255. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 10135.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.89. The total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 26600.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 480354. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 21434.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.81. The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 492983. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22328.80. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. - 26969.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.45. 4 The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 19,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 81,318.18, for small farmers it was Rs. 136,440.63, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 170,285.71 and medium farmers it was Rs. 105,133.33. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,087.57. For landless households it was Rs. 2,833.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,857.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,602.68, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,265.31 and medium farmers it was Rs. 7,075. The results indicate that, households have planted 66 neem, 2 acacia and 3banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,942.86 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 428.57 for improved crop production. The results indicated that own funds was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 34.29 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 69.54 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 94.29 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 92.95 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 94.44 per cent. The results indicated that, about 8.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 71.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets and 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households have used truck as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent have adopted graded bund and Summer Ploughing. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 14.29 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. 5 Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseed and vegetables were adequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 45.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 57.14 per cent, egg and meat were adequate for 54.29 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseeds, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, fruits and fruits were inadequate for 77.78 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the was the constraint experienced by 91.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (62.86%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (74.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequacy extension service (48.57%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (25.71%), less rainfall (8.57%) and Source of Agritechnology information(5.71%) |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.135 & 37 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43864 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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