KRISHI
ICAR RESEARCH DATA REPOSITORY FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
(An Institutional Publication and Data Inventory Repository)
"Not Available": Please do not remove the default option "Not Available" for the fields where metadata information is not available
"1001-01-01": Date not available or not applicable for filling metadata infromation
"1001-01-01": Date not available or not applicable for filling metadata infromation
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43867
Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HALAVARTI (4D4A1Z2a) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Halavarti (4D4A1Z2a) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ. 212, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.105 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 212; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Halavarthi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the delineated physiographic boundaries were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 549 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 83 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent mining/ industrial area, 8 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 23 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 30 per cent moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 30 per cent are deep to very deep soils (100- >150 cm). About 38 per cent of the area is having loamy at the surface and 45 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface. About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15 %) soils, 30 per cent has gravelly soils (15-35 %) and 2 per cent very gravelly (35-60%). With respect to available water capacity 53 per cent of the area has very low (<50mm/m), 23 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), <1 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 6 per cent area has high (151-200mm/m). An area of about 12 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 66 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 5 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 29 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 54 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about <1% has slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 25 per cent neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 22 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), about 28 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 6 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 18 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 65 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in 4 per cent, medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 33 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 46 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (<145 kg/ha) in <1%, medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 49 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 34 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 28 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 40 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 78 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 42 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 40 per cent of the soils. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural & horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (22 ) 88 (16) Pomegranate 118 (22 ) 179 (33) Maize 87(16) 119(22) Guava 34(6) 263 (48) Bajra 118 (22) 304 (55) Jackfruit 118 (22 ) 179(33) Redgram 118(22) 12 (2 ) Jamun 115(21) 182(33) Bengalgram - 255 (47) Musambi 118(22) 179(33) Groundnut 31 (6) 325 (59) Lime 118(22) 179(33) Sunflower 118(22) 12 (2 ) Cashew 34(6) 263(48) Cotton 115(17) 91 (17) Custard apple 118 (22). 336 (61) Chilli 118(22) 88 (16) Amla 118 (22). 336 (61) Tomato 118(22) 88 (16) Tamarind 115(21) 15 (3) Drumstick 118 (22) 44 (8 ) Marigold 118(22) 88 (16) Mulberry 118 (22) 211 (38 ) Chrysanthemum 118(22) 88 (16) Mango 115(21) 15 (3) Jasmine 118(22) 88 (16) Sapota 118 (22) 179 (33) Crossandra 118(22) 88(16) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the four identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 109 (55.05%) men and 89 (44.95%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.6, marginal farmers’ was 5, small farmers’ was 4.8, semi medium farmers’ was 4 and medium farmers’ was 7.66. The data indicated that, 53 (26.77%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 85 (42.93%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (22.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.08%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Halavarti had 33.84 per cent illiterates, 0.51 per cent functional literate and masters, 30.81 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.07 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.14 per cent of them had high school education, 5.56 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.51 per cent had diploma education and 2.02 per cent had degree education. The results indicate that, 58.97 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 35.90 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 31.82 per cent of the household members, 25.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.51 per cent were in general labour and artisans, 2.53 per cent were in private service, 1.52 per cent were in trade and business, 28.28 per cent were in students and 4.04 per cent were in housewives and children. The results show that, 99.49 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institutions and 0.51 per cent of the population has participated in cooperative bank in the micro watershed. The results indicate that 10.26 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 79.49 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 7.69 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 2.56 per cent of them possess semi pacca house. The results show that 92.31 per cent of the households possess TV, 48.72 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder player, 10.26 per cent of them possess bicycle, 30.77 per cent o f the households possess motor cycle, 7.69 per cent of the households possess auto and 92.31 per cent of them possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,111, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,473, bicycle was 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 40,833, landline was 246,666 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,085. About 7.69 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 12.82 per cent of them possess plough, 5.13 per cent of them possess sprayer, 12.82 per cent of them possess weeder, and 2.56 per cent of them possess harvester and chaff cutter. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,333, plough was Rs. 4,340, sprayer was Rs. 3,500, weeder was Rs.50, harvester was Rs.25 and the average value of harvester was Rs. 2,000. The results indicate that, 10.26 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.77per cent of the households possess local cow, 7.69 per cent possess crossbreed cow, 5.13 per cent possess buffalo and poultry birds and 2.56 per cent possess sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.24, average hired labour (men) available was 4 and average hired labour (women) available was 3.59. The results indicate that, 84.62 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Halavarti micro-watershed possess 31.33 ha (78.67%) of dry land and 8.49 ha (21.33%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.24 ha (95.56%) of dry land and 0.43 ha (4.44%). Small farmers possess 10.66 ha (88.39%) of dry land and 1.40 ha (11.61%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.85 ha (61.70%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (38.30%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.58 ha (63.67%) of dry land and 4.90 ha (36.33%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 510,462.64 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 447,165.31. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,167,950.98 for dry land and Rs. 1,864,151.04for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 365,856.44 for dry land and Rs. 999,421.95 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 280,681.82 for dry land and Rs. 452,173.92 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 58,228.07 for dry land and Rs. 163,305.78 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 15.38 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 21.01 meters. The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.32 ha, 1.38 ha, 2.43 ha and 2.83 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (21.76 ha), bajra (5.4 ha), cotton (4.17 ha), chilly, onion and red gram (0.81ha), groundnut (1.3 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, cotton and groundnut. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, 3 bajra, groundnut, onion and red gram. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, cotton and chilly. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Halavarti micro-watershed was found to be 55.31 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 103510.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47406.59. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -56104.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.46. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 55020.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925.00. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12904.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 48129.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62025.03. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 13895.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 62915.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90149.37. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 27233.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43. The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 42750.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700.00. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. -18050.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 30418.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11115.00. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -19303.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.37. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 31350.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230.00. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. -9120.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71. The results indicate that, 46.15 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs 15,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 47,175, for small farmers it was Rs. 54,777.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 85,333.33. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,162.21. For landless households it was Rs. 1,720, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,187.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,126.98, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 7,944.44. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 75 coconut, and 7 mango trees in their field and 7 coconut trees are in backyard. 4 The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak,45 neem,2 tamarind and pongamia and 7 banyan trees in their field and 1 teak and 12 neem trees are their in backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,025.64 for land development, Rs.102.56 for irrigation facility, and Rs. 769.23 for improved crop production. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.5 per cent for land development and improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 30 per cent of the households for land development and improved crop production. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 91.03 per cent, chilly and onion was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 98.7 per cent, ground nut was sold to the extent of 98.59 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.18 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent. The results indicated that, about 17.95 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders. 82.05 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 7.69 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market and 2.56 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 7.69 per cent of the households used head load, 69.23 per cent of the households used cart and 30.77 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 87.18 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.56 per cent of the households used biogas and 28.2 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 61.54 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 25.64 per cent of the households, 2.56 per cent of the households used open well and 2.78 per cent of the households used lake/tank in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.44 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.56 per cent of the households did not possessed PDS. The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5 The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 66.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 7.69 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 5.13 per cent, fruits were adequate for 10.26 per cent, milk and egg were adequate was 56.41 per cent and meat was adequate for 46.15 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses and milk were inadequate for 33.33 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 69.23 per cent, vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 89.74 per cent, egg was inadequate for 30.77 per cent and meat were inadequate for 35.90 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 23.08 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for2.56 per cent of the households and milk were market surplus for 5.13 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 46.15 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.41%), inadequacy of irrigation water and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.90%), high rate of interest on credit and low price for the agricultural commodities (30.77%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.95%), inadequate extension services (25.64%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (33.33%), less rainfall (51.28%) and source of Agri-technology information (15.38%) . |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.105 & 35. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43867 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
Files in This Item:
File | Description | Size | Format | |
---|---|---|---|---|
212. Halavarti (4D4A1Z2a).pdf | 21.71 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
Items in KRISHI are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.