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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CHYAMANAHALLI-2 (4D5B1I1b) MICROWATERSHED Hattakuni Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Chyamanahalli-2 (4D5B1I1b) Microwatershed, Hattakuni Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.258, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.133 & 33. |
Series/Report no.: | 258; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Chyamanahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 607 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 546 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, A area about 17 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 43 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 39 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 52 per cent soils are very shallow (>25 cm) to shallow (25-75 cm). About 30 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 53 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 7 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 73 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (<15%), 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has gravelly (15-35%) and 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gravelly (35-60 %). About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 34 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 52 per cent area very low (<51 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area of about 90 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. Entire area of about 90 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded. An area of about 4 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) in soil reaction, 50 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 34 per cent soil are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and 1 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4- 9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 16 per cent of the soils are low (<0.5%) in organic carbon and 74 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%). About 83 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 7 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha). Entire cultivated area is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 13 per cent, medium (10 - 20 ppm) in 71 per cent and high in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 89 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of <1 per cent. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent area of the microwatershed and 16 per cent of area is deficient (<4.5 ppm). Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 119(20) 115(19) Guava - 128(21) Maize 13(2) 180(30) Sapota - 128(21) Bajra 54(9) 180(30) Pomegranate - 234(39) Groundnut - 128(21) Musambi - 234 (39) Sunflower 35(6) 199(33) Lime 234 (39) Redgram - 234(39) Amla 84(14) 150(25) Bengal gram 106(18) 84(14) Cashew - 84(14) Cotton - 190(32) Jackfruit - 128(21) Chilli - 234(39) Jamun - 106(18) Tomato 13(2) 115(19) Custard apple 152(25) 82(14) Brinjal 190(31) 44(7) Tamarind - 106(18) Onion 180(30) 54(9) Mulberry - 128(21) Bhendi 180(30) 54(9) Marigold - 234(39) Drumstick - 234(39) Chrysanthemum - 234(39) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 114 (57%) men and 86 (43%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4, marginal farmers’ was 5.6, small farmers’ was 6.6, semi medium farmers’ was 5.25 and medium farmer was 7. The data indicated that, 49 (24.5%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (44%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (24%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.5%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Chyamanahalli-2 had 52 per cent illiterates, 23 per cent of them had primary school, 7.5 per cent of them had Middle school education, 10.5 per cent of them had high school and 2.5 per cent of them had PUC and degree education. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, general labour and housewives and 2.86 cent of the household heads was trade and business. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 53 per cent of the household members, 2.50 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.5 per cent were general labour and private service, 0.50 per cent trade and business, 29.5 per cent were student, 9 per cent were housewives and 2 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 22.86 per cent of the households possess thatched, 25.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 51.43 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 65.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.43 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,317, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,325, motor cycle was Rs. 68,916, auto was Rs. 35,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,920. About 8.57 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent each of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 5.71 per cent of the households possess tractor and sprayer and 34.29 per cent of the households possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 22,666, plough was Rs. 4,020, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 5,000, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,750 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 62. The results indicate that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess 2 buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep and goat, 17.14 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, average own labour (women) available was 1.4, average hired labour (men) available was 8.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.97. The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Chyamanahalli-2 micro-watershed possess 22.62 ha (69.45%) of dry land and 9.95 ha (30.55%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.84 ha (95.62%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (4.38%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.76 ha (86.36%) of dry land and 1.86 ha (13.64%) of irrigated land Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (31.25%) of dry land and 4.45 ha (68.75%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 530,232.56 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 873,891.83. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 735,119.05 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 247,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 424,982.80 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 861,002.19 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 449,090.91 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,543,750 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, they were 5 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 14.29 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 7.4 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.4 ha, 1.74 ha, 1.21 ha and 3.24 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (6.34%), green gram (9.09 ha), groundnut (0.89 ha), paddy (5.67 ha), sorghum (2.31 ha) and red gram (9.23 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram, groundnut, paddy, sorghum and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, green gram, paddy and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram, paddy and red gram. Medium farmers have grown paddy. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chyamanahalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 99.64 per cent. The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 10 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank and money lender. 3 The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 60,000. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from social functions like marriage. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households do not repay their loan from institutional sources. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households do not repay their loan from private sources. The results indicate that, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 32689.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 87921.43. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 55232.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.69. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 18581.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42633.64. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 24052.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.29. The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 26120.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59100.13. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 32979.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.26. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 28022.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 94309.09. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 66286.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.37. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 33844.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 227934.69. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 194090.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.73. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 23589.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46447.64. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 22857.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97. The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 116,992.86 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 161,750, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 186,250 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 843,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,365.60. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,511.22, for small farmers it was Rs. 10,277.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 18,145.83 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 205,000. 4 The results indicate that, households have planted 21 mango, 2 lemon and 8 mango trees in their field. Households have planted 8 eucalyptus, 58 neem and 7 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 24,257.14 for land development. loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 11.43 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, cotton and green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 85 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 92.31 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 81.82 per cent. The results indicated that, about 90 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 85.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households used fire wood and 5.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. 97.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 48.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk were adequate for 88.57 per cent and egg were adequate for 11.43 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseed were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases in the area was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (71.43%), inadequate extension service (8.57%) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (77.14%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Not Available |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.133 & 33. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43919 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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258.Chyamanahalli-2 (4D5B1I1b).pdf | 15.29 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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