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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT VOJENAHALLI-2 (4D4A1X1d) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Vojenahalli-2 (4D4A1X1d) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, Sujala MWS Publ .437, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.133 & 37 |
Series/Report no.: | 437; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Vojenahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 576 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 69 per cent is covered by soil, 31 per cent by water bodies, settlements and <1 per cent by Mining/Industrial. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 6 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 21 per cent moderately deep (75- 100 cm), 42 per cent is deep to very deep (100->150cm) soils. About 3 per cent loamy (sandy clay loam) and 65 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 62 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils and 7 per cent has gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils. With respect to available water capacity 4 per cent of the area has very low (<50mm/m), 11 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), 17 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 37 per cent area is high to very high (151->200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about <1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 68 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 34 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 1 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 15 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 50 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 3 per cent very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are <2 dsm-1 indicating that soils are non saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in 18 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 51 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is medium (<23 kg/ha) in the entire area of the soils. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 61 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 8 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 35 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 22 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 10 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 57 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron is deficient (<4.5ppm) in 69 per cent and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in < 1 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 35 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 28(5) 346 (60) Sapota 28(5) 21(4) Maize 28(5) 347 (60) Pomegranate 28(5) 331(58) Bajra 28(5) 368(64) Guava - 49(9) Redgram 28(5) 212(37) Jackfruit 28(5) 21(4) Bengal gram - 375(65) Jamun 28(5) 233(41) Groundnut - 49(9) Musambi 28(5) 331(58) Sunflower 28 (5) 310 (54) Lime 28(5) 331(58) Cotton 28(5) 347(60) Cashew - 49(9) Chilli 28(5) - Custard apple 28(5) 368(64) Tomato 28(5) - Amla 28(5) 368(64) Brinjal - 375(65) Tamarind 28(5) 212(37) Onion - 28(5) Marigold 28(5) 347(60) Bhendi - 375(65) Chrysanthemum 28(5) 347 (60) Drumstick 28(5) 310(54) Jasmine 28(5) 36(6) Mulberry 28(5) 281(49) Crossandra 28(5) 98(17) Mango 28(5) 98(17) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 106 (54.64%) men and 88 (45.36%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4, marginal farmers’ was 5, small farmers’ was 6.6, semi medium farmers’ was 4.7 and medium farmers’ was 5.6. The data indicated that, 43 (22.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (42.27%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (28.35%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.22%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Vojenahalli-2 had 27.32per cent illiterates, 29.38 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.73 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.13 per cent of them had high school education, 9.28 per cent of them had PUC education and 2.58 per cent of them had degree. The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of the household heads were practicing agriculture, 28.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were trade and business and housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 25.77 per cent of the household members, 39.18 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.52 per cent were private service and trade and business, 24.74 per cent were student, 5.67 per cent were housewives and 2.58 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 5.71 per cent of them possess semi pacca house. The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 77.14 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 25.71 per cent of them possess bicycle, 37.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,066, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,344, bicycle was Rs. 2,711, motor cycle was Rs. 41,923 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,220. About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 45.71 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill and tractor, 2.86 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, power tiller and harvester, 20 per cent of them possess sprayer and 57.14 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,625, plough was Rs. 3,381, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.35,000, irrigation pump was Rs.75,000, power tiller was Rs. 50,000, tractor was Rs.500,000, sprayer was Rs.3,285, weeder was Rs. 70 and harvester was Rs.80. 2 The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.56, average own labour (women) available was 1.41, average hired labour (men) available was 12 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.18. The results indicate that 45.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 48.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Vojenahalli-2 micro-watershed possess 38.66 ha (76.48%) of dry land and 11.89 ha (23.52%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.33 ha (92.95%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (7.05%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 16.51 ha (96.8%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (3.20%) irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.34 ha (65.16%) of dry land and 5.53 ha (34.84%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (54.50%)of dry land and 5.41 ha (45.50 %) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 307,715.66 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 420,497.11. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 468,512.90 for dry land the average land value was Rs. 2,470,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 272,493.26 for dry land, Rs.182,962.96 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 280,352.26 for dry land and Rs. 506,295.75 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 308,750 and the average value was Rs. 203,368.27 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 1 de-functioning and 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 23.33 meters. The results indicate that marginal and small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 5.53 ha and 2.11 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (3.47 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), maize (37.21 ha), navane (2.02 ha), onion (0.81 ha). Red gram (1.69 ha), sunflower (4.57 ha) and watermelon (0.40 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, navane, red gram and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, onion, red gram and watermelon. Medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize and sunflower. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Vojenahalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 78.89 per cent. 3 The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 42621.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19878.02. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -22743.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.47. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 30409.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55986.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 25577.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36307.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36634.06. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 326.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36307.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36634.06. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 326.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 30525.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 6524.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 35775.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20601.84. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -15173.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 32563.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30187.33. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -2376.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93. The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 228916.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 185250.00. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. -43666.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.81. The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate, 31.43 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.86 per cent opined that green fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 53,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 38,537.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 62,961.54, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,250 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 120,333.33. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,160.64. For landless households it was Rs. 11,555.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs 4,700, for 4 small farmers it was Rs. 4,043.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 4,640.63 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 17,888.89. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 41 neem, 2 tamarind and 4 banyan trees in their field. Also, the households have planted 5 neem, trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3.200 for land development, and Rs. 1,000 for improved crop production. The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, navane, onion, red gram, sunflower and watermelon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 95.58 per cent. The results indicated that, about 48.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 62.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 114.29 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 51.43 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 57.14 per cent, oilseeds and fruits were adequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 8.57, milk was adequate for 51.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 48.57 per cent and meat were adequate for 45.71 per cent. 5 The results indicated that, cereals were in adequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, oilseeds and fruits were inadequate for 85.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 42.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 40 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds and vegetables were market surplus for 2.86 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, high rate of interest on credit and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market was the constraint experienced by 45.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and less rainfall (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (54.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), and Source of Agri-technology information (42.86%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.133 & 37.. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43920 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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437.Vojenahalli2_ (4D4A1X1d).pdf | 17.31 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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