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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT GURUMATKAL (4D5B6D1d) MICROWATERSHED Gurumitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C.,B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C.,B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Gurmatkal (4D2D6D1d) Microwatershed, Gurmitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.355, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.129 & 37. |
Series/Report no.: | 355; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Gurmatkal Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 589 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 493 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, An area of about 3 ha covered by forest, about 3 ha by Rock outcrops and 90 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 493 ha (84%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) whereas 11 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm). About 27 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 57 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 40 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (<15%) soils and 43 percent gravelly (15-35%) soils. About 53 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 20 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 11 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and <1 per cent is nearly level sloping (0-1%) soils. An area of about 84per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and <1 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1). An area of about 40 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, about 43 per cent soil are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) soils and <1 per cent soil are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominated by <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. Entire area of the microwatershed is high (>0.75) in organic carbon content. About 1 percent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 44 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 39 percent soils are low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 35 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium and 49 percent area high (>337kg/ha) in available potassium. An area of about 7 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 77 per cent is low (<10 ppm) in available sulphur Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 53 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) of about 30 per cent. soils Available iron is sufficient (>4.5ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) which covers an area of 65 percent and sufficient(>0.6 ppm) covers about 19 per cent in the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 272(46) 135(23) Sapota - 30(5) Maize - 432(73) Pomegranate - 340(58) Bajra - 407(69) Musambi 236(40) 104 (18) Groundnut - 30(5) Lime 236(40) 104 (18) Sunflower 197(33) 143(24) Amla - 407(69) Redgram - 340(58) Cashew - - Bengal gram 310(53) 67(11) Jackfruit - 30(5) Cotton 310(53) 67(11) Jamun - 310(53) Chilli - 294(50) Custard apple 266(45) 141(24) Tomato - 294(50) Tamarind - 310(53) Drumstick - 340(58) Mulberry - 30(5) Mango - - Marigold - 407(69) Guava - 104(18) Chrysanthemum - 407(69) Brinjal - 407(69) Bhendi 30(5) 377(64) Onion 30(5) 67(11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 107 (68.59%) men and 49 (31.41%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.71, marginal farmers’ was 4.15, small farmers’ was 5.82, semi medium farmers’ was 4.5 and medium farmers’ was 3.5. The data indicated that, 11 (7.05%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (46.15%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (32.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 23 (14.74%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Gurmatkal had 37.82 per cent illiterates, 8.97 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.64 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.59 per cent of them had high school education, 5.77 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.92 per cent of them did diploma, 3.85 per cent of them did ITI, 20.51 per cent of them had degree education and 1.92 per cent of them were doing masters. The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 5.71 per cent of them were general labourers, 5.71 per cent were in private service and 2.86 per cent were students. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.13 per cent of the household members, 7.05 per cent were agricultural laborers, 8.97 per cent were general labourers, 7.05 per cent were in government service, 6.41 per cent were in private service and 21.35 per cent were students. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 42.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 54.29 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 22.86 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 37.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess auto, 2.86 per cent possess car/four wheeler, 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,296, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,384, refrigerator was Rs. 8,625, motor cycle was Rs. 16,304, auto was Rs. 200,000, car/four wheeler was Rs.150,000, mobile phone was Rs. 1,407 and computer/laptop was Rs.20,000. About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess transplanter/grinder, 20 2 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.86 per cent possess harvester and 51.43 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, the average value of plough was Rs. 2,000, transplanter/grinder was Rs. 5,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 1,840, harvester was Rs. 60,000 and weeder was Rs.31. The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 20 per cent of them possess buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep and goat; 17.14 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.82, average own labour (women) available was 1.36, average hired labour (men) available was 13.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.79. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Gurmatkal micro-watershed possess 40 ha (89.74%) of dry land and 4.57 ha (10.26%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.47 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.88 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.50 ha (86.07%) of dry land and 1.21 per cent (13.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 14.15 ha (80.82%) of dry land and 3.36 ha (19.18%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 823,499.95 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 983,628.30. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 791,061.19 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 961,286.36 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 553,184.02 for dry land and Rs. 1,646,666.67 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 889,962.82 for dry land and Rs. 983,628.30 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed. bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.71 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.18 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.26 meters. 3 The results indicate that, marginal and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.53 ha and 0.40 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (31.36 ha), sorghum (3.77 ha), Bengal gram (3.24 ha), green gram (1.92 ha), paddy (1.38 ha), cotton (1.29 ha) and black gram (0.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, green gram, paddy and black gram. Small farmers have grown redgram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown redgram, sorghum and Bengal gram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gurmatkal micro-watershed was found to be 72.84 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 96.44 per cent, small farmers it was 200 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 and medium farmers it was 51.10 per cent. The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 39311.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81928.64. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 42616.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08. The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 65344.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42406.63. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. -22937.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.65. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 33782.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71023.81. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 37241.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.1. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 37374.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37521.86. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 147.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.0. The total cost of cultivation for Bengalgram was Rs. 40027.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52487.50. The net income from Bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 12459.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31. The total cost of cultivation for Blackgram was Rs. 34479.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41166.67. The net income from Blackgram cultivation was Rs. 6687.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19. The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 43638.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 181754.71. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 138115.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.16. The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. 4 The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 321,142.86 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 59,076.92, for small farmers it was Rs. 263,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 322,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 318,750. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 33,380.43. For landless households it was Rs. 54,857.14, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 15,813.61, for small farmers it was Rs. 37,319.73, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 43,750 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,625. The results indicate that, households have planted 78 custard apple trees, 5 jackfruit trees and 11 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 36 neem tree and 5 tamarind trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9,942.86 for land development. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 62.86 per cent and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 20 per cent of the households for land development. The results indicated that, blackgram, cotton, Greengram and paddy were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bengalgram was sold to the extent of 97.5 per cent, redgram was sold to the extent of 95.05 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 81.33 per cent. The results indicated that, about 91.43 per cent of the famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood and 40 per cent of the households have used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent possessed APL card. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5 The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were adequate for 31.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 8.57 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 68.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 94.29 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (79.24%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (31.43%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.129 & 37. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43945 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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