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DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2020-12-27T03:08:04Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2020-12-27T03:08:04Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2019-12-31 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Dombarahalli-1 (4D4A1W2f) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ.423, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.145 & 42 | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | Not Available | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43950 | - |
dc.description | Not Available | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | The land resource inventory of Dombarahalli-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 563 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soil, <1 per cent by rockout crops and 8 per cent by water bodies, settlements The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 15 soil series and 27 soil phases (management units) and 10 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 30 per cent of the soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 31 per cent by moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 25 per cent moderately deep (75- 100 cm), 6 per cent is deep to very deep (100->150cm) soils. About 26 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 66 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 47 per cent has gravelly (15-35 % gravel) and 15 per cent has very gravelly (35-60%) soils. With respect to available water capacity 48 per cent of the area has very low (<50mm/m), 26 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), 11 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 6 per cent area is high to very high (151->200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 90 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 14 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 78 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about <1 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 67 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 25 per cent very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are <2 dsm-1 indicating that soils are non saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in 4 per cent, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 76 per cent and high (>0.75 %) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is medium (<23 kg/ha) in 79 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) 12 per cent area of the soils. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 42 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 50 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 4 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 88 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 50 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 42 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron is deficient (<4.5ppm) in 65 per cent and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 26 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 66 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 26 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 67(12) 186(33) Sapota 1(<1) 36(6) Maize 12(2) 241 (43) Pomegranate 1(<1) 134(24) Bajra 24(4) 275(49) Guava 1(<1) 23(4) Redgram 1(<1) 114(20) Jackfruit 1(<1) 23(4) Bengal gram 43(8) 255(45) Jamun 1(<1) 44(8) Groundnut 1 (<1) 141(25) Musambi 10(2) 116(21) Sunflower 10 (2) 116 (21) Lime 10(2) 116(21) Cotton 45(8) 209(37) Cashew 14(2) 51(9) Chilli 24(4) 118(21) Custard apple 67(12) 282(50) Tomato 24(4) 131(23) Amla 24(4) 325(58) Brinjal 24(4) 193(34) Tamarind 1(<1) 33 (6) Onion - 94(17) Marigold 14(2) 240(42) Bhendi - 216(38) Chrysanthemum 14(2) 240 (42) Drumstick 1(<1) 134(24) Jasmine 14(2) 139(25) Mulberry 1(<1) 128(23) Crossandra 14(2) 157(28) Mango 1(<1) - - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 10 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 92 (57.86%) men and 67 (42.14%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4, marginal farmers’ was 4.38, small farmers’ was 3.7, semi medium farmers’ was 5.25 and medium farmers’ was 16. The data indicated that, 22 (13.84%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 77 (48.43%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (31.45%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.29%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Dombarahalli-1 had 25.79 per cent illiterates, 22.64 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.81 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.62 per cent of them had high school education, 10.06 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.89 per cent of them did diploma and 0.63 per cent ITI, 10.06 per cent of them had degree education and 1.89 per cent of them did masters. The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 22.86 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent were general labourers and 2.86 were in private service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 38.36 per cent of the household members, 21.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 10.69 per cent were general labour, 3.77 per cent were in private service, 24.53 per cent were students and 1.06 per cent were housewives. The results show that 98.74 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and 1.26 per cent of the population has participated in cooperative bank. The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 51.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 31.43 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results show that 94.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 51.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 25.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.41 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1888, bicycle was Rs. 1888, motor cycle was Rs.30000 and mobile phone was Rs.1941. About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprayer, 94.29 per cent of them possess weeder and 5.71 per cent of them possess tractor. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18666, plough was Rs.3125, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2200, the average value of tractor was Rs.350000, and the average value of weeder was Rs.100. The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow, 14.29 per cent possess crossbred cow and 2.86 per cent possess goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, average own labour (women) available was 1.48, average hired labour (men) available was 11.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.45. The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Dombarahalli-1 micro watershed possess 6.66 ha (23.77%) of dry land and 4.68 ha (16.70%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.91 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.25 ha (86.72%) of dry land and 1.72 ha (13.28%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (62.50%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (37.50%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (21.05%) of dry land and 18.21 ha (78.95%) of the farmers possess irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 327,956.72 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 622,471.12. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 458,436.44 for dry land and Rs. 1,534,615.39 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 226,605.50 for dry land and Rs. 858,774.84 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 413,231.94 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 329,333.33 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 12 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 34.29 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 34.05 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.37 ha, 2.45 ha, 5.32 ha and 2.43 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (0.40 ha), banana (3.89 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), groundnut (7.13 ha), maize (6.71 ha), onion (2.02 ha), paddy (1.28 ha), papaya (1.21 ha), red gram (1.21 ha) and sunflower (3.15 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, banana, groundnut, maize, onion and sunflower. Small farmers have grown banana, cotton, groundnut, maize, onion, redgram and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown banana, paddy and papaya. Medium farmers have grown banana and maize. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Dombarahalli-1 micro watershed was found to be 87.65 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 93.53 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.16 and medium farmers it was 50 per cent. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and 37.14 per cent of the households have savings. The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 81.25 per cent of the households have availed loan from grameena bank and 18.75 per cent have availed loan from money lender. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs. 77500, Rs. 63571.43, Rs. 135000 and Rs. 45000 respectively. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was social functions like marriage which accounted for 66.67 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 33.33 per cent of the households borrowed for agriculture production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources. The results indicate that, around 23.08 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 76.92 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfill their requirements. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 67015.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 290064.95. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 223049.11, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.33. The total cost of cultivation for papaya was Rs. 62464.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 724533.33. The net income from papaya cultivation was Rs. 662068.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:11.6. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24509.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24009.69. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 499.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 61811.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74057.36. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12246.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2. 4 The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 32161.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63975.99. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 31814.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.99. The total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 79292.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19384193.71. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 19304901.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:244.47. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 78743.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 170626.03. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 91882.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17. The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 29954.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72453.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 42498.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.42. The total cost of cultivation for Redgram was Rs. 22946.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58868.33. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 35921.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.57. The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 54734.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 19365.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35. The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 58,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 126,503.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 194,418.18, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 351,375 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 300,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 21,910.26. For landless households it was Rs. 6,055.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 10,386.59, for small farmers it was Rs. 13,681.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 73,750, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 150,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 35 coconut and 1 mango tree in their fields. The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem trees and 9 tamarind trees in their field. They have also grown 1 cashew tree in their backyard. The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 571.43, for irrigation facility Rs. 228.57, for improved crop production Rs. 285.71 and for improved livestock management Rs. 142.86. The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 2.86 per cent of the households for land development, 2.86 per cent for 5 irrigation facility, 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management. All crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 80 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 5.71 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 2.86 per cent have sold their produce to agents/traders. The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 17.14 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 23.08 per cent of the marginal farmers, 9.09 per cent of the small farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of irrigation for remaining 8.57 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 7.69 per cent of the marginal, 9.09 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 2.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 45.71 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 54.29 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (34.29%), inadequacy of irrigation 6 water (25.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%), and inadequate extension services (82.86%). | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project | en_US |
dc.language.iso | English | en_US |
dc.publisher | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | 423; | - |
dc.subject | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project | en_US |
dc.title | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DOMBARAHALLI-1 (4D4A1W2f) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka | en_US |
dc.title.alternative | Not Available | en_US |
dc.type | Project Report | en_US |
dc.publication.projectcode | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.journalname | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.volumeno | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.pagenumber | p.145 & 42 | en_US |
dc.publication.divisionUnit | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru | en_US |
dc.publication.sourceUrl | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.authorAffiliation | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning | en_US |
dc.ICARdataUseLicence | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf | en_US |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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423.Dombarahalli-1_(4D4A1W2f).pdf | 17.83 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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