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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT YADGIR RF-4 (4D5B1D2e) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Not Available |
Series/Report no.: | 515; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF4 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 539 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 111 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 422 ha is covered by rock outcrpos and 6 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 2 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire cultivated 111 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About <1 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 -150 cm) and 20 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm). About 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 12 per cent clayey soils. Non gravelly (<15%) soils cover in 13 per cent of area and gravelly (15-35%) soils covered in 8 per cent of area in the microwatershed. About <1per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 20 per cent area very low (<50 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire cultivated area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed. An area of about 5 per cent is severely eroded (e3) and 15 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded. Entire cultivated area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction in the microwatershed. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 20 per cent area of the microwatershed is high (>0.75%) in organic carbon content, medium (0.5-0.75%) in <1 per cent area and low (<0.5%) in <1 per cent of the microwatershed. Entire cultivated area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of soil in the microwatershed. An area <1 per cent is low (<145 kg/ha) and 20 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 1 per cent area and medium (10-20 ppm) in 20 per cent of area in the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 20 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Yadgiri Rf-4 is located at 16053’51.246’’ to 160 52’25.425’’ and East longitude 770 7’11.884’’ to 7705’15.167’’ covering an area of about 538.7 ha coming under Venkateshwaranagara and Yaragola Villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 5 (14.29%) were landless, 18 (51.43%) were marginal, 4 (11.43%) were small farmers and 8 (22.86%) were semi medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 70 (53.03%) men and 62 (46.97%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 3.6, marginal farmers’ was 3.4, small farmers’ was 4 and semi medium farmers’ was 4.5. Majority of the respondents 21 (15.91%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 60 (45.45%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (35.61%) were in 36-60 years of age and 4 (3.03%) were above 61 years of age. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 61.36 per cent illiterates, 6.82 per cent of them had primary school, 7.58 per cent of them had Middle school education and PUC, 12.88 per cent of them had high school, 0.76 per cent of them had ITI and 1.52 per cent of them had degree education. About, 80 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were private services. Agriculture was the major occupation for 65.15 per cent of the household members, 9.85 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.27 per cent were private service, 19.70 per cent student and 1.52 per cent was housewives and children. 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. In the study area, 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched and pucca/RCC and 94.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 45.71 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 28.57 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart and sprinkler, 14.29 per cent each of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tractor and thresher, 8.57 per cent of the households possess sprayer and harvester and 20 per cent of the households possess weeder. 2 Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow and 8.57 per cent of the households possess buffalo. The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, average own labour (women) available was 1.4, average hired labour (men) available and average hired labour (women) available was 5.4. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 15.59 ha (57.74%) of dry land and 11.41 ha (42.26%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.89 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 1.25 ha (39.95%) of dry land and 1.89 ha (60.05%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (31.85%) of dry land and 9.53 ha (68.15%) of irrigated land. There were 9 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 25.71 per cent of the farmers. The major crops grown by sample farmers are cotton (1.86%), green gram (2.21 ha), groundnut (8.27 ha), Jowar (2.62 ha), Onion (0.08 ha), Radish (0.56 ha) and red gram (10.21 ha). The sample households possessed 80 per cent of the households have bank account and 34.29 per cent have savings. About 71.43 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The per hectare cost of cultivation for cotton, green gram, Redgram, groundnut, Jowar and onion was Rs.31459.85, 42829.64, 32402.78, 53881.39, 41047.46 and 181816.50 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.77 , 1:1.47, 1:2.58, 1: 1.69, 1:2.52 and 1: 6.11, respectively. Further, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income was Rs. 80,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 109,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 115,250 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 147,875. Sampled households have planted 17 coconut, 10 custard apple, 3 mandarin and 7 lemon and mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. Households have planted 16 teak, 46 neem and 1 pongamia trees in their field and also 6 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,942.86 for land development and Rs. 285.71 for irrigation facility. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; own funds were the source of additional investment for 37.14 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 11.43 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. 3 Regarding marketing channels, 82.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders. Further, 62.86 per cent of the households have used tractor and 22.86 per cent of the households have used truck for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the households (85.71 %) were interested towards soil testing. Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 85.71 per cent and 11.43 per cent of the households used lake/tank. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 68.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals and pulses (85.71%), oilseed (77.14%), Vegetables (60%), fruits (48.57%), milk (17.14%), egg and meat (8.57%) were adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil, Low price for the agricultural commodities and frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (80 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area, inadequate extension service and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (82.86%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.117 & 33 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru. |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43965 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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File | Description | Size | Format | |
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515.Yadgir Rf-4_(4D5B1D2e).pdf | 22.71 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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