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DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2020-12-27T06:00:04Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2020-12-27T06:00:04Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2019-12-31 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2018). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Ketanapura (4B3E1G2e) Micro watershed, Chamarajanagar taluk & district, Karnataka”, Sujala MWS Publ.357, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.91 & 34. | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | Not Available | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44044 | - |
dc.description | Not Available | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | The land resource inventory of Ketanapura microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 599 ha in Ketanapura microwatershed in Chamarajnagar taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 769 mm, of which about 316 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 252 mm during north-east and the remaining 201 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, <1 per cent area is covered by mining/industrial, 1 per cent area covered by eroded lands and 2 per cent is covered by others (Habitation and Water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 11 soil series, 26 soil phases (mapping units) and 8 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the last week of July to 4th week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire cultivated area of about 96 per cent is suitable for agriculture. An area of about 1 per cent has very deep (>150 cm) soils, an area of 32 per cent has moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) soils. An area of about 36 per cent is under moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils and shallow (25-50 cm) soils occupy 27 per cent area in the microwatershed. An area of about 5 per cent has clayey soils at the surface, 38 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and an area of about 53 per cent has sandy at the surface. An area of about 3 per cent has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 68 per cent has gravelly (15-35%) soils and 25 per cent has very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils in the microwatershed. About 49 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 47 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) lands. An area of about 68 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 2 per cent has soils that are moderately eroded (e2) in the microwatershed, 1 per cent area are gullied lands and <1 per cent area are eroded area in the microwatershed. An area of about 1 per cent area has slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) soils, 27 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) soils and 68 per cent has slightly alkaline to very strongly alkaline (pH 7.3->9.0) soils in the microwatershed. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 60 per cent area is low (<0.5%) and 36 per cent area has soils that are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon. An area of about 1 per cent is low (<23 kg/ha), 9 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and high (>57 kg/ha) in 85 per cent area in available phosphorus. An area of about 12 per cent has soils that are low (<145 kg/ha), 18 per cent has soils that are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 66 per cent area has high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in <1 per cent area, medium (10-20 ppm) in 70 per cent area and high (>20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 15 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 81 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 55 per cent area has soils that are deficient (<4.5 ppm) and 43 per cent area has soils that area sufficient (>4.5ppm) in the available iron. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. An area of about 31 per cent has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 65 per cent has soils are sufficient in available zinc. The land suitability for 9 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crops Suitability area in ha (%) Highly Suitable (S1) Moderately Suitable (S2) Sorghum 59(10) 346(58) Maize 59(10) 346(58) Finger millet 59(10) 346(58) Red gram - 91(15) Groundnut 59(10) 346(58) Cotton - 371(62) Chilli 59(10) 346(58) Mango - 32(5) Sapota - 150(25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kethanapura micro-watershed (Chamarajanagara taluk and district) is located in between 15018’ – 15020’ North latitudes and 7603’ – 7605’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 599.11 ha, bounded by Harave, Mukkadhalli, Govindawadi and Maliyur villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kethanapura Microwatershed in Chamarajanagara taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 53.8 to 46.2 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 71.8 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 40.0 per cent. Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 36.4 per cent. About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (30.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 5.1 per cent of sample households. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 per cent of farm households. Women participation in decisions making are around 9.9 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 0.97 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 37.8 % and irrigated land 62.2 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 60 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 5.7 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15838 per household. Mobile and television are popular most mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs.2022 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers own plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs.40625 per household; about 54.5 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 749 grams (1939 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827.7 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs.74659 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1119. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.360 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.149262 per year for the total area of 599.11 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 51293/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 71534) followed by maize (Rs. 15241), horse gram (Rs. 4084), sorghum (Rs. 254) and cowpea (Rs. 24400), sunflower is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1572/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 2099) followed by maize (Rs. 1650) and sorghum (Rs. 968). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. Per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 126417) followed by sorghum (Rs. 43928), maize (Rs. 35648), horse gram (Rs. 23639), sunflower (Rs. 16628) and cowpea (Rs. 9797). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is horse gram (41.9 %) followed by maize (29.3 %), sorghum (18.6 %), coconut (7.5 %), sunflower (1.4 %) and cowpea (1.4 %). In Ketanapura micro-watershed, major soils are alluvial landscape of Harve (HRV) soil series is having shallow soil depth cover around 25.99 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cowpea (50 %) and sunflower (50 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Lakkur (LKR) are also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 22.25 % of area; crops are coconut (13.9 %), horse gram and maize (43.1 %) each. Hooradahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 9.66 % of area. Crops are horse gram (48 %), maize (18.4 %) and sorghum (33.5). Kengaki (KGK) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 1.16 % of area, crops are horse gram and sorghum. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower ranges between Rs. 48471 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 1.16). In cowpea the cost of cultivation Rs. 64960 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 0.62). In coconut the cost of cultivation Rs. 13152 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 6.48). In horse gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 26637/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.85) and Rs. 12160/ha in KGK soil (with BCR of 1.40). In maize the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 68431/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.84) and Rs. 33997/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.32). In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 28048/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.48) and Rs. 26732/ha in KGK soil (with BCR of 1.20). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4 By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (30.4 to 16.2 %), coconut (74.2 %), maize (57.3 to 72.7 %), sorghum (47.2 to 51.6 %), sunflower (69.6 %) and cowpea (36.1%). | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project | en_US |
dc.language.iso | English | en_US |
dc.publisher | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | 357; | - |
dc.subject | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project | en_US |
dc.title | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KETANAPURA (4B3E1G2e) MICROWATERSHED Chamarajanagara Taluk and District, Karnataka | en_US |
dc.title.alternative | Not Available | en_US |
dc.type | Project Report | en_US |
dc.publication.projectcode | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.journalname | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.volumeno | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.pagenumber | p.91 & 34. | en_US |
dc.publication.divisionUnit | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru | en_US |
dc.publication.sourceUrl | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.authorAffiliation | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning | en_US |
dc.ICARdataUseLicence | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf | en_US |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
Files in This Item:
File | Description | Size | Format | |
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357.KETANAPURA (4B3E1G2e).pdf | 12.31 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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