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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT GUNNAHALLI (4D4A1X2b) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Gunnahalli (4D4A1X2b) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ .424, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.149 & 44. |
Series/Report no.: | 424; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Gunnahalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 80 per cent is covered by soils, 16 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 16 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 80 per cent is suitable for agriculture. About 45 per cent of the soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm), 22 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) and 14 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm). About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 22 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 61 per cent area has non-gravelly (<15% gravel) soils and 19 per cent has gravelly to very gravelly (15-35% gravel) soils. About 52 per cent area is very low to low (<50-100 mm/m), 20 per cent area is medium to high (101-200 mm/m) and 8 per cent area is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 49 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 31 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded. An area of about 70 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3- 9.0) and 10 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 51 per cent area and low (<0.5%) in 30 per cent area. An area of about 76 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 4 per cent is low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 54 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 26 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 44 per cent, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 25 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed. An area of about 75 per cent is low (<0.5ppm) and 6 per cent is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in available boron content. An area of about 4 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 77 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. An area of about 75 per cent is deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 5 per cent is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 49(8) 223(38) Sapota 1(<1) 37(6) Maize - 271(47) Pomegranate 1(<1) 176(30) Bajra 31(5) 225(39) Guava - 38(6) Groundnut 3(1) 45(8) Jackfruit 1(<1) 37(6) Sunflower 24(4) 146(25) Jamun 31(5) 98(17) Cotton 24(4) 248(42) Musambi 24(4) 153(26) Red gram 1(<1) 121(21) Lime 24(4) 153(26) Bengalgram 23(4) 249(43) Cashew - 70(12) Chilli 28(5) 26(5) Custard apple 54(9) 258(44) Tomato 28(5) 13(2) Amla 31(5) 281(48) Brinjal 30(5) 319(54) Tamarind - 92(16) Onion 3(1) 114(19) Marigold - 272(47) Bhendi 3(1) 345(59) Chrysanthemum - 273(47) Drumstick 1(<1) 169(29) Jasmine - 134(23) Mulberry 1(<1) 181(31) Crossandra - 112(19) Mango - 12(2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 94 (53.71%) men and 81 (46.29%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers’ was 5, small farmers’ was 6, semi medium farmers’ was 5.73 and medium farmers’ was 6. The data indicated that, 32 (18.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (46.86%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (26.29%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.57 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Gunnahalli had 28.57 per cent illiterates, 1.14 per cent functional literates, 28 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.43 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.86 per cent of them had high school education, 8.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.14 per cent of them did ITI, 5.14 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing Masters. The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.23 per cent of the household heads were involved in other occupation. Agriculture was the major occupation for 54.29 per cent of the household members, 20.57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.57 per cent had household industry, 17.14 per cent of them were student, 1.71 per cent of them were housewife and 1.71 per cent of them were in private services. The results show that 3.43 per cent of the households participated in user groups and 96.57 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 2.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 6.67 per cent of small farmers, and 7.14 per cent of medium farmers have participated in user group. The results indicate that 19.35 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 22.58 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 16.13 per cent of them possess pucca house and 45.16 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. The results shows that 93.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 83.87 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 12.90 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 54.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.23 per cent of the households possess tempo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess auto, 6.45 per cent of the households possess landline, and 77.42 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of television was Rs.5896, mixer grinder was Rs.2981, motor cycle was Rs.45000, mobile phone was Rs.2430, Auto was Rs.80000, tempo was Rs.200000 and bicycle was Rs.8800. About 16.13 per cent of the households possess plough and bullock cart, 12.90 per cent of them possess tractor, 35.48 per cent of them posses sprayer, 6.45 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 64.52 per cent of them possess weeder. The average value of plough was Rs.1541, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.2666 the average value of tractor was Rs. 6,05,000 and the average value of 2 sprayer was Rs.4454, the average value of bullock cart Rs.21600, and the average value of weeder Rs.84. The results indicate that, 29.03 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 32.26 per cent of the households possess local cow, 16.13 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 12.90 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 6.45 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.96, average own labour (women) available was 1.79, average hired labour (men) available was 16.88 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.21. About 67.74 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.68 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 62.50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small, 63.64 per cent of semi medium and 71.43 per cent of medium farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, only 1 (2.38%) person migrated among the samples households in the micro watershed that belonged to medium farm household and he has migrated on average of 500 Kms and the average duration was 6 months. Job/work was the reason for migration and construction of house was the major positive consequence of migration. The results indicate that, households of the Gunnahalli micro watershed possess 22.64 ha (45.89%) of dry land and 26.70 ha (54.11%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.19 ha (64.37%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (35.63%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 3.84 ha (70.37%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (29.63%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 7.49 ha (42%) of dry land and 10.34 ha (58%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.11 ha (40.26%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 13.53 ha (59.74%) of irrigated. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 339,989.27 and average value of irrigated was Rs.509,201. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,321,586 for dry land and Rs. 1,729,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 364,000 for dry land and Rs. 864,500. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 267,027 for dry land and Rs. 473,698 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 153,552 for dry land and Rs. 384,320 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. There was only 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 54.84 per cent of the farmers, open well were the source of irrigation for 6.45 per cent of the farmers and tank was the source of irrigation for 3.23 per cent of the farmers. 3 The depth of bore well was found to be 64.09 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.97 meters. The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.21 hectares, small farmers had 1.62 hectares, semi medium farmers had 10.81 hectares and medium farmers had 12.15 hectares. Farmers have grown Bajra (3.64 ha), Beetle leaf (0.08 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), Cotton (2.43 ha), Groundnut (4.45 ha), Jowar (0.1 ha), Maize (27.13 ha), Pearl millet (4.23 ha), Red gram (1.21 ha) and Sunflower (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, maize, pearlmillet. Small farmers have grown groundnut, maize, redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, beetle leaf, cotton, groundnut, maize, pearl millet and Bengal gram. Medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, cotton, maize, pearl millet, red gram and sunflower. The cropping intensity in Gunnahalli micro watershed was found to be 67.54 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 94.06 per cent, for small farmers it was 84.38 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 72.42 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 58.27 per cent. The results indicate that, 22.58 per cent of the households possess bank account. Around 12.50 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. Around 25 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives and 83.33 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank. The results indicate that, marginal, small, and medium farmers have on an average availed Rs.80000, Rs.30000, and Rs.175000 respectively. The main purpose of borrowing credit from both institutional and non-institutional sources was agricultural production for all households. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38694. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49993.59. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11299.59, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 50404.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82607.78. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32202.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24133.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32595.49. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 8462.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 44855.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30257.50. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -14598.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67. 4 The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58095.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 121039.88. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 62944.55, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08. The total cost of cultivation for beetroot was Rs. 118697.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from beetroot cultivation was Rs. -7547.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94. The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 36736.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20840.63. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -15895.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33033.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -18213.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.45. The results indicated that, dry fodder available in the micro watershed was 120 tons and it was available for 51 days. Green fodder available was 82 tons and it was available for 24 days. 51.61 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 45.16 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Only 12.90 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 36825 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs.70600, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 106370 and for medium farmers it was Rs.106885. The average annual expenditure in the micro watershed is Rs. 9320.74. For marginal farmers it was Rs 3312.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 16760, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10363.64 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 9234. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 54 coconut, and 4 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 2 coconut trees in their backyard. Households have planted 115 neem trees, 11 tamarind trees, 3 pongamia trees and 9 banyan trees. The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 37.50 per cent of marginal, 9.09 semi medium, and 14.29 medium farmers. The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1580.65 for land development, Rs. 290.32 for irrigation facility, Rs.1064.52 for improved crop production and Rs. 467.74 for improved livestock management. Loan from bank is the major source of investment for 12.9 per cent of households and own funds were the source of investment for 9.68 per cent for land development. For irrigation facility 6.45 per cent of the households depend on loan from bank. For improved crop production 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan, 6.45 per cent depend on own funds, 3.23 per cent depend on soft loans and for improved livestock management 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan. 5 The results indicated that, bajra, beetroot, Bengal gram, cotton, groundnut, maize, redgram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Sorghum was sold to the extent of 85.71 per cent. About 70.97 per cent of the households sold their produce to agents/traders, about 25.81 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, another 22.58 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, 12.90 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Around 9.68 per cent of the households have carried head loads, 25.81 per cent have used cart, 70.97 per cent have used tractor and 25.81 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport. The results indicated that, 22.58 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems and were interested in soil testing i.e. 37.50 per cent of marginal farmers and 20 per cent of small, 9.09 per cent of semi medium, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers. The results indicated that, 16.13 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted farm pond, 3.23 per cent have adopted bore well recharge pit and 16.13 per cent of the households are following summer ploughing. The results indicated that 22.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, and 16.13 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 48.39 per cent of the households, bore well for 22.58 per cent, open well for 3.23 per cent, lake/tank for 9.68 per cent and canal was the source of drinking water for 19.35 per cent of the households. Around 77.42 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel, 3.23 per cent used kerosene, 3.23 per cent used biogas and another 16.13 percent of the households used LPG. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.77 per cent of the households in micro watershed and for 3.23 per cent kerosene lamp was the major source of light. 25.81 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 11.11 per cent of marginal, 11.11 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL and 6.45 per cent did not possess PDS card. Around 58.06 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 50 percent of the marginal, 60 per cent of the small, 72.73 per cent of the semi medium and 42.86 percent of the medium farmers. 6 The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 58.06 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 48.39 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 80.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 19.35 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.87 per cent, egg were adequate for 58.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 51.61 per cent of the households. Oilseeds were market surplus for 29.03 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 9.68 per cent, and fruits were market surplus for 3.23 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.13 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.39%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.48%), high rate of interest on credit (58.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (3.23%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (38.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (12.90%), less rainfall (96.77%) and source of Agri–technology information (News paper/TV/Mobile) (29.03%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.149 & 44. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44069 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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